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Tuesday, 3 December 2013

10 PEOPLE WHO WERE THE YOUNGEST OF THEIR KIND


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10 People Who Were The Youngest Of Their Kind
By Mike Devlin,
Listverse, 3 December 2013.

Society has a tendency to revere youth, when our bodies are at their strongest and most beautiful. However, many accomplishments often require a lifetime of training, preparation, and wisdom. Below are ten people whose achievements were accomplished earlier than anyone else - for better or worse.

10. Youngest Serial Killer

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Anyone who has spent more than 10 minutes on a playground at recess knows well that kids can be cruel. Indeed, many of the anti-social tendencies that eventually culminate in more serious crimes, such as torturing animals, appear in very young children. Occasionally, a boy or a girl will even take a life.

Finding a serial killer that hasn’t even hit puberty, however, is extraordinarily rare. The youngest serial killer on the records was eight-year-old Armadeep Sada of Bihar, India. Sada was responsible for three deaths, including his infant cousin and sister, and was captured after killing a neighbour's child. All three were bludgeoned with stones. Precisely what evil drove Sada is unknown - when the press asked police about Sada’s psychiatric state, they replied that the boy “just smiled a lot and asked for biscuits.”

9. Youngest Marathon Runner

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Any parent who has ever brought kids to a theme park can attest to a small child’s lack of endurance - but in Orissa, India, a tiny boy named Budhia Singh has done much to change that perception. At the tender age of three years old, Singh began running marathons.

The child’s mother, crippled by poverty, was forced to sell him. The boy eventually came under the custody of Biranchi Das, an orphanage owner and judo coach. Once, Das caught young Budhia misbehaving, and as a punishment, forced him to run. Budhia ran for hours. By the age of four, he’d run in 48 marathons. Despite his ability, there was some concern that Budhia was being exploited by Biranchi Das, and he was taken out of his care in 2007. Budhia is now in a state-run academy and Das was slain the next year in an apparently unrelated incident. Interestingly enough, the state of Orissa was also home to Fauja Singh, the world’s oldest marathoner, who competed after the age of 100.

8. Youngest College Graduate

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It is unfortunately common for so-called child prodigies to fizzle out, crushed by the pressure of a heavy workload and denied the trappings of youth. One such case is that of Adragon De Mello, who graduated from the University of California at Santa Cruz in 1988 at age 11. At that time, he was the youngest college grad in US history, having earned a BS in computational mathematics.

Fifteen years later, instead of changing the world in a laboratory, De Mello was working at a Home Depot. His record as youngest college graduate was then broken by a boy named Michael Kearny, who graduated at age 10 and earned two master’s degrees before reaching adulthood. Kearny would go on to make some appearances in game shows such as Gold Rush, where he won US$1 million.

7. Youngest To Climb Mount Everest

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In recent years, the scaling of Mount Everest has become an increasingly commercialized venture. Since Edmund Hilary and Tenzig Norgay ascended the peak in 1953, thousands of people have successfully made the climb. However, there remains incredible danger in the pursuit - approximately 10 percent of climbers die trying. Given the attendant risk and the mountaineering expertise required - not to mention the cost, which can run thousands of dollars - most climbers are middle aged.

One of the youngest was adventuring television personality Bear Grylls, who completed the feat in 1998 at the age of 23. But this accomplishment pales in comparison to that of Jordan Romero of Big Bear, California, who climbed Everest in May 2010. Jordan was just 13 when he conquered the world’s tallest peak. He wasn’t done there, either - in addition to Everest, he climbed Mounts Kiliminjaro, Elbrus, Aconcagua, McKinley, and Carstensz Pyramid by age 15, as well as Vinson Massif in Antarctica. He went on to write a book about his adventures called The Boy Who Conquered Everest: The Jordan Romero Story.

6. Youngest Person To Appear On A Billboard Chart

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There are no shortage of young musicians, but most don’t break into the charts until they are old enough to form sentences. That all changed in early 2012 when Blue Ivy Carter, the daughter of megastars Jay-Z and Beyonce, made a cameo on her father’s single “Glory” days after her birth.

The song functions as a father’s love letter to his baby, telling her “my greatest creation was you.” As you would expect, Blue Ivy’s contribution to the track was somewhat minimal - just some crying Jay-Z had recorded right after she was born. Still, it was enough to secure her place as the youngest person ever to appear on the Billboard charts. Her collaboration as “B.I.C.” ranked at number 74 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hong Songs chart upon its release.

5. Youngest Marine Drill Instructor

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In his youth, Donnie Dunagan was a child actor, appearing in films such as 1939’s Son of Frankenstein and Tower of London. His most celebrated role, however, would be providing the voice of Walt Disney’s Bambi. It would be his last - shortly thereafter, his family split up and he was forced to work and seek refuge in a boarding house. At 18, he joined the Marine Corps, becoming the youngest drill instructor in that institution’s history.

His military career led him to Vietnam, where he was wounded, and Dunagan would eventually rise to the rank of major before retiring in 1977. Throughout his time in the Marines, Donnie kept his movie career a secret before he was finally discovered in June 2005. In interviews, the now 79-year-old Dunagan says he’s learned to embrace his fame.

4. Youngest Person To Commit Suicide

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The youngest person to intentionally commit suicide is certainly a tragic record, and one that cannot be fully substantiated. One person in consideration for this role was six-year-old Samantha Kuberski of Oregon, who hanged herself on December 2, 2009.

The first grader had been sent to her room after getting into an argument with her mother. There, she looped a belt around her neck and affixed it to a crib. After her seemingly lifeless body was discovered, she was rushed to the hospital, where she later died. While police believe the case was an unfortunate accident, state medical examiners ruled it a suicide, leading to a debate whether children of that age can even appreciate the permanent gravity of such a decision.

3. Youngest Billionaire

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Most of us at least occasionally dream of fabulous wealth, castles, and Ferraris. Unfortunately, the reality is that few of us will become millionaires, let alone billionaires. Most of those who do attain such a lofty fortune only do so after a lifetime of smart business decisions and plain dumb luck. However, the emergence of the Internet has seen the rise of an increasingly young, super rich population.

The most obvious member of this club is Facebook mastermind Mark Zuckerberg, who became the youngest billionaire in the world at the age of 23 in 2007. He wouldn’t hold the title for long - just a few years later, he lost the distinction to his own college roommate, Dustin Moskovitz. Although he doesn’t work there anymore, Dustin’s wealth stems from a 6 percent ownership stake in Facebook. He is exactly eight days younger than Zuckerberg.

2. Youngest Grandmother

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Most of us think of grandmothers as blue-haired old ladies in support hose, baking cookies and sending checks for US$5 on our birthdays. However, there have been multiple cases of grandmothers in their twenties and even earlier.

It is believed the youngest grandmother was a girl named Mum-Zi, who served in a harem in Calabar, Nigeria. Mum-Zi was eight at the time of her daughter’s birth, and her daughter eight and a half when she had a child, making Mum a grandma at the tender age of 17, before many Western girls even lose their virginity. This story, however, dates back to the 19th century and is not terribly well substantiated. A more official claim to the title is held by Romanian Rifca Stanescu, who apparently became a grandmother at just 23. Stanescu’s grandson, two-year-old Ion, is already betrothed to an eight-year-old neighbour.

1. Youngest American WWII Veteran

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Most 12-year-old boys are preoccupied with Little League and just beginning to become keen on girls, but Calvin Graham was of a different character altogether. Graham enlisted with the US Navy after Pearl Harbour was attacked by the Japanese. The 12-year-old was shipped off to combat in the Pacific, serving on the USS South Dakota. During the Battle of Guadalcanal, he acted heroically, suffering shrapnel wounds.

After being awarded the Bronze Star and the Purple Heart, his mother broke the news that he was, in fact, underage. Instead of sending him home with a few stern words, the Navy actually locked him up for three months for lying.

His decision to serve as a child would haunt him the rest of his life. He was stripped of his accolades and spent years fighting for medical benefits. He eventually joined the Marines when he was 17, but had to drop out after breaking his back. Over the years, various presidents interceded on his behalf, including Jimmy Carter, Ronald Reagan, and Bill Clinton. He did not receive his Purple Heart back until after he’d already died, 50 years after it was taken away from him.

[Source: Listverse. Edited.]


9 OUTLANDISH CONCEPT CARS INSPIRED BY NATURE (AND PROBABLY SOME DRUGS)


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Outlandish Concept Cars Inspired by Nature (And Probably Some Drugs)
By Damon Lavrinc,
Wired, 2 December 2013.

A car inspired by ants that can climb walls. A submersible pod that uses the Los Angeles river instead of congested freeways. A bio-suit with one leg that jumps like a kangaroo. These are the concepts nine automakers developed for this year's Los Angeles Design Challenge with the theme "Biomimicry and Mobility: 2025."

Twelve years in the future seems pretty optimistic for these insane creations, but when you give designers from BMW, Mazda, Toyota, Subaru, and a handful of Chinese automakers carte blanche to create whatever their imaginations can conjure - along with a RedBull IV and probably some powerful hallucinogens - you get the Future. Or road-going vapourware.

1. JAC Motors H.E.F.E.I.

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JAC Motors' Harmonious Eco-Friendly Efficient Infrastructure or H.E.F.E.I. is hands down the most attractive concept of the bunch, and isn't so much a car as a cog in a larger mobility network. It shares power with other vehicles on the grid, so when one car is idle, it can wirelessly transmit energy to other vehicles. Naturally, it's autonomous - a theme with nearly all the creations this year - and its massive air inlets are just begging to suck in Bambi and her entire herd.

2. Mazda Design Centre Auto Adapt

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If the H.E.F.E.I. is the most attractive, the Auto Adapt from Mazda is the most bad-ass. And not just because of its swooping, angular exterior, cab backwards design, and massive wheels. No, it's because it caters to drivers with a car that can swap between autonomous and manual driving modes. According to Mazda's design team, "These vehicles are geared directly to those true drivers out there that long for the excitement found with driving an automobile; the excitement expected to be completely eliminated from the autonomous cars of 2025." Damn we love Mazda.

3. SAIC Motor Mobiliant

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We're convinced China's SAIC had this concept stuck on a cork board in its design studio and thought, "What the hell? This'll work." Because aside from its name and the company's description of the Mobilant as "inspired by a simple ant's distinctive body structure and the mutually beneficial relationship between ants and trumpet trees," there's nothing that relates to the Design Challenge theme. Still, it's freaking cool.

4. Qoros Auto Silk Road System

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Another entrant from China comes from Qoros, although the name Silk Road has some nefarious connotations nowadays. Regardless, the Silk Road System is the automaker's vision of an integrated transportation network with autonomous nodes shuttling passengers through Shanghai in a sustainable, waste-free "mobility system".

5. Subaru Global Design Team Suba-Roo

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It's not a car. It not even a motorcycle. It's a bioengineered suit designed to mimic the movements of a kangaroo - hence Suba-Roo. Cute. Still, it keeps with Subaru's theme of go-anywhere mobility, and comes complete with Google Glass-like headgear, a kinetic energy recovery system, and a "Gyro Tail" to keep the rider upright. Because in the future, our prehensile appendages will make a comeback.

6. BMW Group DesignworksUSA S.E.E.D.

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Forget traversing Los Angeles in rush hour. BMW's Sustainable Efficient Exploratory Device (S.E.E.D.) is designed to tackle the toughest terrain on the planet, with a trio of propellers (one at the bottom and two on the sides) to take to the skies. BMW says it was inspired by the maple seed. We say it was inspired by one too many pints of Pils.

7. Changfeng Motor Corporation LaBrea

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Changfeng threw out some basic laws of physics with the LaBrea concept, but that doesn't make it any less impressive. The body and wheels are made of a flexible material that spirals to contract and expand based on the driving environment, allowing the LaBrea to squeeze into narrow openings in traffic and seal itself to create an airtight pseudo-submarine. Where Changfeng loses us is with its claim that the LaBrea was inspired by the grasshopper, allowing it to run, jump, and climb. Right...

8. Toyota CALTY Design Research e-grus

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Designed as the ultimate electric commuter, the e-grus from Toyota's CALTY design lab can transition from autonomous to manual driving modes, stand upright for city driving, and lie flat for high-speed freeway blasts. Sounds perfect. But then Toyota lost us with a description of the exterior that's, "an active metal surface that sends electric currents for a pliable skin that hardens once positioned vertically or horizontally."

9. BMW Group DesignworksUSA L.A. Subways

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Miles of unused waterways running through Los Angeles inspired BMW's design studio to create an underwater subway populated by winged pods that use bacteria and an electrochemical reaction between saltwater and fresh water to create hydrogen fuel. Neato. Even better, BMW imagines thousands of these mini-subs to be autonomously controlled, acting like schools of fish swimming from Hollywood to Huntington Beach.

Top image: SAIC Motor Mobiliant. Source: LA Auto Show.

[Source: Wired. Edited. Links added.]


5 BEST IPAD CASES


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Five Best iPad Cases
By Alan Henry,
Lifehacker, 1 December 2013.

If you just picked up a new iPad Air or an iPad Mini, or if you're shopping for someone who has, you'll probably want a case for it to make sure it's safe on the go, in your bag, or on your desk. Whether it's a rugged case you need, a soft case with pockets, or a keyboard case, you have options. Here are five of the best, based on your (readers’) nominations.

Earlier this week we asked you which iPad cases were the best to keep your tablet safe while you use it or while you travel. You had plenty of nominees, but we could only pick out the top five. Here's what you said, in no particular order:

1. DODOcase

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Cases by DODOcase don't come cheap, but they're some of the best handmade, sharp looking cases you can put your iPad into. Prices vary depending on the design and materials you want used to make the body of the case, but almost all of DODOcase's offerings provide full folio-style protection with a wooden body that your iPad rests comfortably into and a firm board cover that flips over the screen to keep it safe when it's not in use. The cases are also flexible enough to be used in portrait or landscape mode, both standing up or resting on their back. Ideally though, this is the type of case that makes your iPad look like a book and easy to slide in and out of a bag or briefcase without damaging the tablet itself.

Prices on the iPad Air versions vary, but you're looking at between US$65 and US$85 depending on the colours you want, and perhaps more if you're interested in their folio case (that has a pad and room for other papers inside), or customization and printing options. You can check out all of their iPad Air cases here, and all of their iPad Mini cases here.

2. Apple iPad Smart Case

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Apple's own iPad Smart Case brought in a number of nominations, largely because you can buy it at the same time right when you get your iPad, and because you're guaranteed a solid fit and a full-body case. The iPad Smart Case specifically is a full-body case with a polycarbonate backing to protect the sides and back of your device, and a Smart Cover-style flap that protects the screen when not in use, folds up to be an impromptu stand, and will wake your iPad from sleep or put it to sleep when the cover is opened or closed.

The iPad Air versions of the Smart Case come in a variety of colours but will set you back US$79. You can check out all of the colour options here. The iPad Mini version is US$69, and they're available here. If you're not interested in spending that much and just want the cover, Apple's Smart Cover is only protects the screen, but it's US$39 for the iPad Air version and and the same price for the iPad Mini version.

3. Griffin Intellicase

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Much like Apple's own Smart Case (although the Griffin version came first), the Griffin Intellicase offers full-body protection for the back and sides of your iPad and a magnetic screen cover that will wake or sleep your device when the cover is opened or shut. The back is polycarbonate, and the flip cover is polyurethane. The flip cover folds up nicely to be an impromptu stand, and the Intellicase comes in a variety of colours. The only downside is that the Intellicase isn't currently out for the iPad Air, the latest full-sized iPad model on store shelves. However, if you're getting any iPad older than that, you can get a great case for US$60. If you have an iPad Mini, you can choose from colours and designs at US$40.

If you are looking for a Griffin alternative much like the Intellicase for your iPad Air, the US$50 Crosshatch Folio for iPad Air is a good option, and includes a spot to slide a document or two into place, and the affordable US$30 Slim Folio for iPad Air is all fabric, but still offers the same all-sided protection and flexible screen cover.

4. Snugg Executive Case Cover and Flip Stand

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If you have a lot to carry around in addition to your tablet, the Snugg Executive Case Cover and Flip Stand may be up your alley. It's definitely a bulkier case, but it adds both protection and storage space for credit cards, business cards, documents, pens, a notepad, a stylus, and so on. It's a full-body folio-style case, so you get polyurethane and leather around the body of your case and as a screen cover that's flexible enough to fold over itself and into a slot on the back of the case so your iPad stands up - ideal for watching video, reading, or typing with both hands. The slot on the back is even large enough to get your hand through, so you can hold it with one hand securely and use it with the other.

The Executive Case Cover is available in a number of colours, and it's available for all models of iPad (including the iPad Mini) except the iPad Air. It'll set you back US$40, either direct from Snugg or over at Amazon. If you're looking for something similar for your iPad Air, Snugg offers the US$30 iPad Air Case Cover and Flip Stand which doesn't offer quite so much room for other papers, but still folds up nicely, gives you a slot for a stylus or a pen, and still offers full body protection.

5. Logitech Folio and Keyboard Folio

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If you're looking for solid protection that won't break the bank, but is also from a well known peripheral manufacturer, you can't go wrong with Logitech's folio-style cases, and their keyboard folio cases, if you want to do a little typing on the go. Logitech's keyboard folios are well regarded as some of the thinnest, longest-lasting, and still functional and solid to use on the market, and they don't add a ton of width or bulk to your tablet at the same time. The Logitech Ultrathin Keyboard Cover earned a lot of praise when it was launched, but it was specifically the US$50 Folio for iPad Air, the US$50 Folio for iPad Mini, and US$50 Folio for iPad (previous generations) that earned your nominations - all of which don't have keyboard, but do offer full body protection, and flexible screen cover that doubles as a stand, and multiple colours to suit your tastes.

If you do need a keyboard, there were nominations for the US$100 Keyboard Folio for iPad (previous generations), the US$90 PU Leather Keyboard Folio for iPad Mini, the US$100 "Tech Fabric" Keyboard Folio for iPad Mini, the US$100 Ultrathin Keyboard Folio for iPad Air, and the US$150 FabricSkin Keyboard Folio for iPad Air, all of which essentially make up Logitech's entire family of keyboard folio cases for various generations of iPads (they're just all at different links and at slightly different prices depending on the iPad you have and the fabric you want). You have a variety of choices and colours, and the various fabrics and case materials all function generally the same, although the "FabricSkin" and "Tech Fabric" offer water resistance and super-thin typing surfaces when compared to Logitech's older keyboard folios. All of the models are Bluetooth, rechargeable, and feature long-lasting batteries that can be recharged while still in use if you're close to an outlet. Logitech's Keyboard Folio is the only case with a keyboard in this roundup, but we did an entire roundup of iPad cases not too long ago if you want more options.

Honourable Mention: Pad and Quill Cases

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The honourable mention this week goes out to Pad and Quill Cases, a line of hand-crafted high-end cases for iPads, iPhones, Kindles, Macbooks, and Macbook Airs that are all bound in wood and leather. If you're looking for a high-quality case and you're also willing to pay a premium for it, check them out. Their iPad Air cases range from around US$60 to US$100 depending on which ones you're interested in, for example.

Top image: iPad Smart Case. Photo by Tatsuo Yamashita.

[Source: Lifehacker. Edited.]


Monday, 2 December 2013

TOP 10 MOST DISGUSTING THINGS WE’VE DONE TO OUR OCEAN


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Top 10 Most Disgusting Things We’ve Done To Our Ocean
By Hestie Gerber,
Toptenz, 2 December 2013.

Our ocean generates 50% of the Earth’s oxygen, and it contributes to the sustenance and subsistence of millions of people. Since we’d be dead without it, one would think that we would take better care of it. Unfortunately, it would seem that flippant ignorance and a general refusal to accept responsibility reigns supreme, as we have screwed up our ocean almost beyond repair. Just look at what we’ve done…

10. 240 Million Metric Tons of Garbage

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Every year, fishermen catch over 77.9 million metric tons of fish - that’s pretty huge, right? Well, that’s nothing compared to the amount of trash we put in their place. 240 million metric tons of garbage ends up in our ocean every year, three times of the fish we take out of it. The most prevalent contaminants include plastics, debris, and a variety of chemicals, but untreated wastes, run-offs and deliberate illegal dumping also adds to the looming disaster. At sea, storms and accidents like oil spills also cause a fair percentage of this staggering amount.

9. The Toxic Food Chain

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Some of the most commonly found toxic contaminants in fish include metals like mercury, lead and chromium, but also dioxins, PCB’s and other man-made chemicals. These toxins have been linked to several cancers, fertility issues, lower IQs, hypertension, and diabetes. They enter the marine environment via degrading plastics, air pollution, or agricultural and industrial runoff. The toxic particles are eaten by plankton and then absorbed through the entire food chain.

Alarmingly, researchers have also discovered traces of the medicines we take for cholesterol, bipolar disorder, and depression in fish caught near wastewater plants. This means that not only are we ingesting our own degrading garbage, we are also on medication that was never intended for us. Although the amount of toxins we actually consume may be minute, you have to remember that they accumulate over time, and that they become more concentrated as they travel up the food chain.

8. A Day at the Beach Can be Deadly

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Thousands of beaches are closed every year due to high levels of contaminated and polluted waters. The most recent statistics for the US alone paint a grim picture. The Environmental Protection Agency has estimated that up to 3.5 million people become ill every year after swimming in contaminated water. That figure could even be higher, as many people do not realize that their recreational activities caused their illness; as such, a lot of it goes unreported.

In all, there have been more than 20,000 beach closings thanks to contamination, and over 4,000 outbreaks of waterborne illnesses. These including rashes, ear infections, respiratory problems, and gastroenteritis, but also several life-threatening cases of the Vibrio vulnificus bacteria. Fatal 50% of the time, Vibrio was responsible for 31 fatalities between 2009 and 2010. To make matters worse, the EPA has relaxed their acceptable levels for contamination to 3.6% - meaning they decided it is now acceptable for 1 in every 28 people to become ill after swimming at their local beach.

7. The Truth about Oil Spills

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Thanks to the BP oil spill of 2010, between 4 and 5 million barrels of oil spewed into the ocean. It was, without a doubt, a terrible ecological disaster. Yet, accidental oil spills only account for 7.7% of the ocean’s oil pollution. The majority of oil actually comes from illegal oil disposal on land, as well as ships at sea that deliberately discharge their waste oil into the world’s waters (up to 220 million barrels each year.)

According to a study by the US National Academy of Sciences, the amount of operational oil illegally dumped from ships was five times more than those caused by spills. Oil washed to sea from our roads and left in marinas by jet skis and boats made up the rest.

6. The Toxic Dumping Grounds

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Before 1970, the oceans were the number one spot to dispose of excessive rubbish, including toxic munitions like mustard gas and radioactive waste. Hundreds of thousands of these barrels litter the ocean floor. Although many of these veritable time-bombs remain semi-contained, several drums have ruptured, killing thousands of animals. Others have been discovered by oblivious fishermen, resulting in horrific injuries. In certain cases, they ended up back on beaches, thrust from the sea by tsunamis or storms.

The practice was banned internationally in 1993, and immediately gave rise to a new form of organized crime. The Italian ‘Ndrangheta Mafia, for example, stepped in to “alleviate” the radioactive waste headache for well-paying businessmen. The ‘Ndrangheta is suspected of sinking up to 40 ships in recent years, all filled with radioactive waste that might still be there in a million years or so.

5. The Impact of Marine Debris

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Floating or submerged, marine debris poses a serious threat for recreational boaters and commercial shipping alike. In 2005 alone, the US Coast Guard reported 269 boating accidents, 116 injuries, 15 deaths and US$3 million in property damage, due to collisions or entanglements with debris. Plastic items account for more than 80% of the problem; as it is mostly non-biodegradable, the plastic that ends up in the ocean will likely remain there for the next 400 years or so.

Worse yet, more than one million seabirds choke or get entangled in our waste every year. In fact, whole ecosystems are at risk due to animals ingesting the debris while believing it to be food. At the uninhabited Midway Island, tens of thousands of bird carcasses litter the ground, filled with plastic debris. A further 100,000 seals, sea turtles, dolphins, whales and other marine species die each year due to entanglement with “ghost nets” and discarded traps.

4. Ocean Acidification

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Worldwide, our ocean’s pH is decreasing due to rising levels of carbon dioxide absorbed from the Earth’s atmosphere. Acidification’s impact can already be witnessed in the bleaching of corals and the reduced calcification abilities of certain shellfish and other sea creatures. As these organisms become vulnerable to dissolution, the acidification poses a very real threat to the ocean’s food chains, and entire ecosystems may be lost.

According to some scientists, the ocean’s chemistry has already been altered to the extent that sound now travels farther, creating serious issues for the animals that depend on echolocation. While the potential ecological consequences are just beginning to emerge, acidification is happening faster today than at any other time in our history, and many scientists believe the damage to be irreversible.

3. Dead Zones

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Hypoxic, or “Dead” Zones, are areas in the oceans where oxygen levels have been depleted to such an extent that it can’t support marine life any longer. At last count, more than 400 periodic or permanent dead zones existed, covering an area approximately the size of the New Zealand. Their origins may be natural, thanks to water being stagnant for too long, but mostly these zones are caused by excessive amounts of nutrients in the water due to chemical pollutants. These nutrients feed algae blooms that eventually die off and sink to the bottom of the ocean, where the bacteria that feeds on it absorbs the water’s last bit of oxygen.

Apart from all the death, these zones lead to numerous reproductive issues for marine life, from smaller reproductive organs to low sex hormone concentrations, low egg counts, and less spawning. Furthermore, the economic losses are devastating. In the Baltic Sea alone, the production of 1.3 million metric tons of fish is lost every year.

2. The Impressive Trash Islands

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Our ocean’s currents move in a very specific rotational pattern. Called gyres, these massive vortexes draw waste products and marine debris toward its centre where it builds up, trapping it indefinitely and creating what many call “trash islands.” We currently know of several trash islands, of which the Great Pacific Garbage Patch is the most well-known. Estimates of the Great Pacific Patch’s size vary, as it is not detectable in satellite images, but scientists believe it may cover an area twice the size of Texas. It took its discoverer, Charles Moore, more than a week to travel through the rubbish when he stumbled upon it in 1997.

The latest research by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration has shown that these trash islands are still expanding and growing. Sadly, the debris covers too large an area for attempted clean-up expeditions to be of any real significance.

1. Global Ramifications

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If you haven’t heard of “wealth accounting” before, it’s basically a scientific method used to determine the economic or financial value of a country’s natural resources. Through the collaborated research efforts of various marine biologists, scientists, economists, and chemists, the true scope of the financial losses suffered globally due to oceanic pollution is becoming clearer. When it comes to the ocean’s coral reefs alone, the US$172 billion worth of services they provide annually can be lost within the next twenty years. Furthermore, the destruction of our coastal-marine ecosystems will cause millions of tons of carbon emissions or greenhouse gases to be released from the soil, increasing the air temperature close to Earth, and boosting global warming. A recent estimate predicted that our global financial losses due to global warming would amount to US$2 trillion annually by the year 2100.

Top image: Toxic dump on Thilafushi island, Maldives. Credit: Hani Amir/Flickr.

[Source: Toptenz. Edited. Top image added.]