13 UNEXPECTED SOURCES OF ENERGY THAT COULD SAVE THE WORLD

13 Unexpected Sources of Energy that Could Save the World
By Annalee Newitz, io9, 31 March 2014.

If humans are going to keep living in the style to which we're accustomed, we need to find alternatives for fossil fuels. Partly that's because we need to reduce pollution - and partly because those fossil fuels are going to run out. But alternative forms of energy may look a lot weirder than you think.

1. Tobacco Leaves

Tobacco plants, via Il Bioeconomista.

Most people have heard about turning corn into biofuel. But corn is actually a terrible biofuel source for a number of reasons, which is why many scientists are looking to other plants for future fuel - including tobacco. Genetically modified tobacco, that is. The main building blocks for biofuel in plants are starch and sugar, so naturally, increasing the amount of starches and sugars in a plant will improve fuel production. An agricultural engineer recently found that she could tweak a gene in tobacco to boost starch production by 700%, which translated to an increased sugar yield (a step in biofuel production) of 500%. As a bonus, this technique could be used on food crops to increase starch and sugar production.

2. Sugar Batteries

Current battery technology relies on toxic metals, which are difficult to mine, have limited lifespans, and create recycling and disposal issues. Sugar, on the other hand, has none of those problems. Recently, a group of bioengineers built a prototype of an "enzymatic fuel cell" that imitates the behaviour of biological systems (like plants) that convert glucose to energy. The resulting battery creates more energy than a lithium-ion battery, is biodegradable, and refillable.

3. Jatropha curcas

Photo of Jathropha curcas by Immersia

This plant produces oil-rich seeds which are excellent for biodiesel, and it is able to thrive in dry, sandy lands that aren't good for food production. That means the plant could be grown in areas that aren't required for food crops. Unfortunately, the plant's seeds don't thrive as easily as the plants do in poor soil. Now, scientists are working on ways to genetically modify this crop in a number of ways make it more suitable for biodiesel production. The result could be a hardy crop that can live almost anywhere, and produce incredible amounts of fuel.

4. Algae Machines

Unlike Jatropha curcas, which is a plant that might one day be a source of fuel, microalgae are pretty much fuel-ready. They grow in the ocean, and thus don't compete with food crops. Plus, they produce more starch and sugar than the blue-green algae known as cyanobacteria, which are also being explored as a source of alternative energy. The problem? It's hard to get a giant crop of microalgae. Currently, researchers are looking at ways to genetically modify this microalgae to make it a more robust fuel source.

If that isn't futuristic enough for you, researchers are also integrating genetic "circuits" into bacteria and algae in order to produce biofuels from photosynthesis. Essentially, they'd add new molecular machinery to bacteria and algae that don't already have them. There are even proposals to engineer the actual light-absorbing antennae in these organisms to increase efficiency and biofuel output. This would mean genetically altering the systems that these microorganisms use to absorb light - we wouldn't actually be adding tiny metal antennae to them, though that would be cool.

5. Super Yeast

Conversion of plant material to fuel isn't always efficient, especially because that plant material is often waste left over from forestry and agriculture. However, biologist Na Wei and colleagues have discovered that they can genetically modify a form of yeast to digest the tough, fibrous xylose in plants. Normally this part of the plant goes unused, as it creates a toxic, acidic environment for the microbes that would normally break it down into those much-needed sugars. But the enhanced yeast are able to digest xylose into the chemical components that could make biofuel. This super-yeast could help us convert plant waste into valuable energy.

6. Corny Switchgrass

'Heavy Metal' Switchgrass. Credit: SEWilco/Wikimedia Commons.

Switchgrass is a controversial biofuel crop. It is fast growing, produces a lot of material for fuel production, but is also invasive, taking over new lands where it is introduced. Still, it might one day prove very useful - especially if we add a few extremely useful genes to its repertoire. A group of biologists found that by genetically modifying switchgrass with a gene from corn, they could boost the amount of starch and digestibility of the switchgrass (making it easier and more productive to convert to fuel), and completely shut down the flowering of the plant, potentially preventing invasion.

7. Artificial Photosynthesis

Researchers at Caltech and Lawrence Berkeley National Lab are researching what they call "artificial photosynthesis." Their goal is to produce a synthetic version of the molecular machinery that plants use to make energy from light and water. The result would be something that looks like a solar panel inside a plastic chassis - it's made of thin membrane sheets comprised of semiconductor materials. By pumping water through the device, and bombarding it with light, we could produce liquid hydrogen or hydrocarbons. This solves the typical problem with solar energy, which is storage. Because this solar fuel would be liquid, we could use our current fuel storage infrastructure to hold and distribute it the same way we do with oil and gas.

8. Immortal Redox Batteries

These are often called redox flow batteries, and they are intended for use in cars and other transit vehicles. Basically they are batteries that can be recharged forever because their energy is stored in the electrolyte solution rather than in the electrodes like in a Li-ion battery. Just exchange the electrolyte solution to recharge. You can see a simple schematic for one type of redox flow battery above. These are more like fuel cells than batteries, but they run on reversible electrochemical reactions rather than consuming fuel.

9. Semi-Solid Sewage

Yep, we're going to use poop. Conventional sources of biodiesels like vegetable oils must be grown and processed before they can be used, which makes them a more expensive source than sewage waste. "Sludge" is the mass of semi-solids that is separated out from water as part of the sewage treatment process. It can be used to create biofuels using a couple of different methods. One of the most popular is sludge gasification, where the sludge is dried and heated to produce a synthetic gas that can be burned. However, scientists in South Korea have created a process that heats the lipids inside the sludge to render them into biodiesel. Sludge was heated in a reactor along with methanol and carbon dioxide to convert 98% of the sludge lipids into biodiesel. This new process could lead to cheaper biodiesel due to the huge amounts of sludge processed by wastewater treatment plants, but it would require these facilities to retrofit existing structures to accommodate the biofuel production process on site.

In related poop fuel news, we can also turn used diapers into fuel as well.

10. Urine Fuel Cells

Urine-powered fuel cells are actually a type of microbial fuel cell technology, where we harvest the energy released by microorganisms as they break down their food. It turns out that human pee is a terrific source of food for those microorganism. Urine-fed microbial fuel cells are currently being developed as a potential energy source for everything from personal electronics to self-sufficient robots. In the future, it could be a way to help process the huge amounts of waste humans produce each year. Plus, it gives a new meaning to those urine-processing still suits that the Fremen wear in Dune.

11. Hydrochar and Biochar

Biochar garden, via International Biochar Initiative.

Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is a process where biomass - anything from plant materials to garbage - is mixed with water and exposed to heat and pressure in a reactor. The resulting slurry is then pressed and dried to create hydrochar. When no water is used, the results are called biochar. Both are coal-like products that can be burned for energy or further processed to produce synthetic gas. The potential behind hydrochar is that it uses wet biomass. Biomass feedstocks that must be dried before they are burned or processed take extra energy to produce, but the hope is that hydrothermal carbonization can be used to take advantage of biomass waste without needing prep work. The European Union launched its "NEWAPP" project December 2013 and will run for 30 months with eight partners from four EU countries. Its goal is to study wet biomass waste streams and identify potential HTC applications.

12. Space-based solar power

Large-scale satellites carrying lightweight solar panels may soon be launched into space. This would allow us to overcome the effects of the atmosphere on how much sunlight that solar panels can actually absorb. Basically, in space, we'd have access to raw, naked solar energy. The generated electricity could be beamed to earth with a microwave transmitter.

13. Alligator Fat

American alligator. Credit: Gareth Rasberry/Wikimedia Commons.

Perhaps it's not surprising that chemists from Louisiana came up with the idea of using alligator fat as a source of biodiesel. Alligator fat has a very high lipid content, which means it's ideal for conversion to biodiesel. Plus, the alligator meat industry produces a ton of the fat as waste, so this would be a way to use a product that is currently being thrown away. Other kinds of fats could be used in a similar way.

Additional reporting by Robert Coridan, Rachel Mitchell, and Jenna Lewein.

Top image: Solar Power Satellite via Arbitrarily Large Phased Array (SPS-ALPHA). Credit: John Mankins/NASA.

[Source: io9. Edited. Some images added.]

10 AWESOME FLOATING ATTRACTIONS

10 Awesome Floating Attractions
By Grace Murano, Oddee, 30 March 2014.

From golf courses to theatres, take a look at these amazing attractions that are not on solid ground.

1. Floating Wooden Skateboard Ramp (Sierra Nevada, USA)

Taking a spin on this free-floating skateboard ramp is not only more thrilling than busting smith grinds at your local skate park, it's also more dangerous, which is why it's floating atop Lake Tahoe and not on the open sea.

This wooden skate ramp barge is the brainchild of pro skater Bob Burnquist, who decided long ago that regular ramps and half pipes were far too boring, so he collaborated with builders Jerry Blohm and Jeff King to create a ramp covered raft any skateboarding castaway would be proud to call home.

2. Floating Forest (Australia)

This incredible 102-year-old floating forest on the SS Aryfield is the result of 40 years of mangrove tree growth in Homebush Bay, Sydney. The SS Aryfield is an abandoned ship used in WWII that was left in the bay to deteriorate after the ship wrecking yard closed down.

The SS Ayrfield (originally launched as SS Corrimal), was a collier ship built in England in 1911 and used by the Commonwealth Government during World War II to transport supplies to American troops in the Pacific. It was sold in 1950 and operated as a collier on the sixty-miler run between Newcastle and Sydney, until 1972 when the ship's registration was cancelled and it was sent to its final resting place, Homebush Bay.

A bunch of full-grown mangrove trees now call this rusty partly-submerged piece of metal home, creating a new and unique attraction that draws in photographers from all over the world.

3. Floating Swimming Pool (Germany)

A swimming pool on a river, there's something you don't see every day.

Berlin's floating Arena Badeschiff (that's German for “bathing ship”) swimming pool provides the perfect place to spend hot summer days at the bustling German capital.

The 105-foot-long pool floats in the river Spree, and it invites the public to relax, sunbathe, do yoga and swim. Arena Badeschiff was developed by AMP Arquitectos, Wilk Salinas, Thomas Freiwald and the artist Susanne Lorenz.

4. Floating Golf Course (Idaho, USA)

If you like to play golf you're going to love this. A floating golf course that changes location. Driving onto this famous green is always a challenge, not just because it's a par-3 located in a massive lake, but because it moves! Land on the island, and you're a hero. Otherwise, you'll join one of thousands of balls fished out of the water by divers every year. Either way, it's a one-of-a-kind golf game.

You can find this floating golf course at the Coeur d'Alene Resort in Idaho, USA.

5. Floating Cinema (Thailand)

How cool is this? Catch a movie, while surrounded by beautiful turquoise waters, on this floating cinema!

The Archipelago Cinema is an auditorium raft designed to float on the sea, premiered at the inaugural edition of the Film on the Rocks Yao Noi Festival, in Thailand.

The theatre was designed by German-born and Beijing-based architect Ole Scheeren.

6. Floating Stadium (Singapore)

The Float at Marina Bay, also known as Marina Bay Floating Platform, is the world's largest floating stage. It's located on the waters of the Marina Reservoir, in Marina Bay, Singapore.

Made entirely of steel, the floating platform on Marina Bay measures 120 meters long and 83 meters wide, which is 5% larger than the soccer field at the National Stadium. The platform can bear up to 1,070 tons, equivalent to the total weight of 9,000 people, 200 tons of stage props and three 30-tons military vehicles. The gallery at the stadium has a seating capacity of 30,000 people.

7. Floating Opera Stage (Austria)

Every two years, the Bregenzer Performing Arts Festival in Austria constructs an enormous floating stage that looks like anything other than an opera stage.

The 7,000 seat Seebühne, floats over water on the shores Lake Constance. Past designs include human heads, steam engines, and ice-covered mountains.

8. Floating Market (Indonesia)

Banjarmasin, South Kalimantan in Indonesia is the city known as the city of a thousand rivers. There you can find their unique and traditional market that is better known as Muara Kuin Floating Market, located in the Barito river waters at the mouth of the river Muara Kuin.

Small boats called jukung bring merchandise with vegetables, fruits, all kinds of fish and household goods available to the floating market.

9. World's Largest Artificial Floating Island (South Korea)

The world's largest artificial floating island has recently been opened in the South Korean capital, Seoul.

The island, under construction on the Hangang (Han River), is the first equipped with an aquatic convention centre and is used for concerts, conventions, exhibitions and water sports.

The floating island consists of three man-made inter-connected islets. Islet 1, the biggest of the three, is three stories high and measures 10,845 square meters. It includes a 700-seat convention hall. Islet 2, a three-story structure measuring 5,373 square meters, puts a focus on developing facilities for cultural events. Islet 3, two stories high, takes up a 4,164 square-meter area and is devoted to various aquatic leisure sports activities like yachting. The total number of seats for exhibitions and conventions is 1,400. The islands can accommodate 6,200 people and are set to make the Han River, which 59 million people visited last year, an even more popular tourist spot.

10. Floating Eco Hotel (Peru)

Those wishing to explore the Amazon River can now do so (and make sure they have an environmentally-friendly vacation) by making reservations for Aqua Expeditions' floating eco-hotel.

Thanks to Jordi Puig, the Peruvian architect who came up with the design for this innovative resort, the hotel can both provide tourists with an enjoyable vacation and keep a close eye on environmental protection by constantly monitoring and cutting down on its ecological footprint.

The hotel can accommodate up to 32 guests (2 in each of its 16 rooms). A lush lounge, an exercise room and an outdoor Jacuzzi also made their way into its design.

The 147-foot boat also takes guests to the remote and beautiful area of the Pacaya Samiria National Reserve, a unique preserved area. The mobile hotel brings tourism to these native areas along the Amazon, without being intrusive and also helps to support local communities and promote environmental conservation efforts in the Pacaya Samiria National Reserve.

Top image: Artificial floating island in Seoul, via A AS Architecture.

[Source: Oddee. Edited. Top image and some links added.]

10 EXTREMELY DRAMATIC MUTINIES FROM HISTORY

10 Extremely Dramatic Mutinies From History
By Alan Boyle, Listverse, 31 March 2014.

The most famous mutiny in history is the one on the Bounty, which we’ve covered before. It’s been immortalized on film, and understandably so, yet it is far from the only high-stakes capture of a ship that would be worthy of Hollywood. Naval history is full of murder, rebellion, and deceit - and these 10 stories are among the most intense examples.

10. The Meermin Slave Mutiny

In January 1766, a Dutch East India Company ship called the Meermin left Madagascar carrying 147 slaves. The conditions were cramped, and the captain was concerned his cargo may not survive the journey, so he allowed some of the slaves on deck. One of the senior officers decided to take advantage and asked five of the slaves to clean some spears that the crew had taken as souvenirs. Handing five of the captives their own weapons went about as well as you’d imagine for the crew, and half of the Dutch sailors were killed. The remainder holed themselves up beneath deck and survived on raw bacon and potatoes.

The newly freed slaves had no idea how to sail the ship. They let out some of the crew members and ordered they return the ship to Madagascar. Instead, the crew covertly sailed towards Cape Town. When land came into view, the slaves were somewhat suspicious. Rather than run the ship ashore, they threw down anchor. Seventy rowed to land, promising to light fires if it was safe for the rest to follow. Unfortunately for the mutineers, the sight of a ship harboured offshore without a flag had made local Dutch farmers suspicious. When the slaves made land, they were met by armed militia, and all were captured or killed.

The Dutch crewmen back on the ship dropped letters in bottles overboard. Among those that reached land was one that read: “Although we trust in the Lord to save us we kindly request the finder of this letter to light three fires on the beach and stand guard at these behind the dunes, should the ship run aground, so that the slaves may not become aware that this is a Christian country. They will certainly kill us if they establish that we made them believe that this is their country.”

Fires were lit on the shore, and the slaves on the ship took this as the signal. They ordered the Dutch to run the ship aground. When the Meermin got to the beach, it was stormed by armed Dutch, and the remaining slaves were recaptured. The leaders of the uprising, Massavana and Koesaaij, were imprisoned on Robben Island. Koesaaij survived there for 20 years. Less than 200 years later, the same island was used to imprison Nelson Mandela for 18 years.

9. The Mutiny On The Potemkin

The mutiny on the Russian battleship Potemkin in 1905 is perhaps the only one in history to have been triggered by a dispute over soup. On June 14, meat being used to create borscht for the crew was found to be riddled with maggots. The ship’s doctor said they were only flies’ eggs and that there really wasn’t a problem. The crew disagreed and sent a man named Valenchuk to have words with the ship’s commander, Giliarovsky. The commander didn’t react well to the confrontation - he pulled out his gun and shot Valenchuk dead. In retaliation, the crew threw Giliarovsky overboard and shot him before he had a chance to drown.

Tensions were high on the ship even before the soup fiasco. Russia was in the grip of revolution, and many of the sailors had sympathies in that direction. One of them, named Matyushenko, set up a “people’s committee” and took charge of the vessel. They sailed to Odessa, where protesters were flying the red flag. Locals gave the sailors food and brought flowers for Valenchuck’s impromptu funeral.

The funeral became a focal point for renewed violence. Soldiers began firing on the sailors, killing three. By the end of the day, another 2,000 locals were killed by the authorities. In retaliation, the Potemkin fired its guns at the local theatre that was being used as headquarters by the army, but the shells missed.

Eventually, a task force was sent to recapture the battleship. However, the mission didn’t go as planned. Sailors on another vessel, the Georgii Pobedonosets, also mutinied and joined the Potemkin. This second mutiny came to a swift end the following day when loyal sailors retook control and ran their ship ashore.

After a week of playing cat and mouse, the crew of the Potemkin were unable to find anywhere to replenish their supplies, and they abandoned the ship in Romania. The Romanians gave the Russians their ship back. Matyushenko escaped but returned to Russia under a false name two years later. He was identified and arrested, eventually being hanged on October 20, 1907. The mutiny became part of revolutionary propaganda and was immortalized on film in 1925.

8. The Mutiny On HMS Hermione

One of the most violent mutinies in British naval history took place on the frigate HMS Hermione in 1797. The ship patrolled the seas of the West Indies, captained by Hugh Pigot. He was cruel and violent, renowned for lashing his crew members for minor slights. The mutiny was dramatic but not surprising.

One night during a storm, the ship’s crew were working to bring in the sails. Unhappy with what he perceived as slow work, Pigot yelled that the last man down would be flogged. In the rush to avoid punishment, three men fell to their deaths. Pigot had the bodies thrown overboard and placed the blame on a dozen other sailors. He had them all lashed.

That night, the resentment from the crew reached a head. Several dozen seamen, led by a surgeon’s mate, stormed the captain’s cabin. Each was desperate to hack at Pigot, who was sliced by a wide variety of knives and swords. Eventually, the bloodied captain was thrown out of his window, alive and screaming. Many of the ship’s other officers faced a similar fate.

The crew realized they wouldn’t be able to return to British territory, so they set sail for ports under Spanish control. They told the authorities there that they had simply set their commanding officers adrift and offered the ship in return for asylum. The Spaniards agreed, and the Hermione became the Santa Cecilia. It was returned to British control just over two years later, when a Royal Navy raiding party landed aboard and killed 100 Spanish sailors.

While the crew adopted new identities, over half of them were eventually captured. Two were caught trying to sail back across the Atlantic in a Spanish vessel, which was intercepted by the Royal Navy near Portugal. In total, 24 of the mutineers were hanged for their actions. 

7. The Salerno Mutiny

The biggest wartime mutiny in the history of Britain’s armed forces occurred in September 1943. The men were mostly veterans of the 51st Highland Division and the 50th Northumbrian Division who had been injured or became ill in the North African campaign. They had built up a massive sense of loyalty to their divisions and were told they were to be returned to their colleagues in Sicily. Around 1,500 agreed to return to their units, many of them unfit for combat but expecting a chance to rest when they arrive.

Once they boarded the ship, they were told they weren’t actually being returned to their original units at all and were instead being taken to reinforce US troops in the fight for Salerno. They felt betrayed, and when they arrived at Salerno, they found the organization to be farcical. A total of 600 men refused to fight. It later transpired that the order to send them to Salerno had been given in error. Nevertheless, 191 men were found guilty of treason, and three sergeants were sentenced to death. The sentences were eventually suspended, as popular opinion held that the situation had been a grave injustice.

There have been multiple attempts to have the sentences overturned. In 1982, the British government refused to offer a pardon, stating “There are no grounds for doing so which could not be applied to many other mutineers and deserters... Nor which would not denigrate the actions of the many millions who fought bravely and obeyed orders at all times.” A Scottish MP has called twice for pardons since 2002, but her pleas have been refused.

6. The Revolt Of The Whip

In 1910, the Brazilian warship Minas Geraes was the most powerful in the world. It had been built in the northeast of England, one of the world’s leading shipbuilding regions at the time. The Brazilian navy sent crews to England to learn how to sail the vessel and then to bring it home.

Many of the crewmen were black, and they weren’t treated well. Most were the children of freed slaves or former slaves themselves, as slavery had remained legal in Brazil until 1888. The chibata, or “whip,” was widely employed to enforce discipline. A particularly brutal lashing on November 22, while the ships were moored in Rio de Janeiro’s Ganabara Bay, led to a mutiny that became known as Revolta da Chibata, “The Revolt of the Whip.”

A seaman named Joao Candido led a rebellion that took control of the main battleship. The other vessels in the fleet soon followed. In total, 1,000 sailors were involved in the mutiny. The sailors had relatively simply demands: better working conditions and an end to the use of the whip. The press took to calling Candido “The Black Admiral.” Many in the government, perhaps impressed by the undeniably cool nickname, were sympathetic. Those who weren’t were persuaded by the world’s largest guns pointed directly at Rio de Janeiro.

The crisis lasted five days. The government agreed to the demands and said it would give all of the rebels a full pardon. However, within days, they passed a decree to remove anyone from the navy who was a threat to discipline. Over 1,000 sailors were dismissed. Within a month, Candido himself was thrown into a cell with 17 other people. The conditions were so bad that only he and one other person survived the weekend. The government later put Candido in a mental hospital, but he was released and lived a relatively long life as a fish porter.

5. The Columbia Eagle Incident

During the Vietnam War, the US contracted several hundred privately owned ships to deliver supplies across the Pacific. One of these was the SS Columbia Eagle, which left California on February 20, 1970 to deliver 4,500 tons of napalm to Thailand. On March 14, it became the first US ship to be mutinied since 1842.

Two of the crew members walked into the cabin with a revolver they had smuggled aboard. They told the captain and chief mate to plot a course for Cambodia, a neutral territory with no extradition treaty. They then demanded that the rest of the crew leave the ship on life boats. If the crew refused, they threatened to detonate a bomb they had planted and destroy the entire vessel.

The mutineers were Alvinn Glatkowski and Clyde McKay, both in their early twenties. Their motive and plan were both simple and naïve. They were anti-war and hoped that redirecting some napalm would force President Nixon to wind down the war effort. They also hoped to seek refuge in Cambodia. While they were successful in landing there, they did so days before the country’s communist government was overthrown and replaced by one that didn’t have any sympathy for the North Vietnamese cause.

Both of the would-be pirates were thrown in jail, and Cambodian authorities let the ship go. When US officials searched it, they found no bomb, and the napalm was eventually delivered on another vessel. Back in Cambodia, the prisoners were treated reasonably, but Glatkowski didn’t take well to incarceration. By September 6, his mental health had deteriorated to the point that he was eating his own excrement, and he was put in a mental hospital. In December, he was delivered to the US embassy and ended up going back home to serve 10 years in prison.

The fate of McKay is a mystery. His “imprisonment” hardly deserved the word. McKay and a US army deserter named Larry Humphrey were the only two people held on a prison ship, and they had full run of the place. Their guards would take them ashore to go shopping and eat at restaurants. It was during one of these dining experiences that the two men were able to escape their guards and drive away in a stolen car. Neither man was seen alive again. Remains believed to belong to McKay were found in 2001 and returned to the US a few years later.

4. The Chilean Naval Mutiny

In 1931, Chile was in financial crisis. In July, the president was ousted from office. Shortly afterward, a caretaker finance minister announced pay cuts for the armed forces of between 12–30 percent. On August 31, many Chilean seamen wished to protest the cuts. Alberto Horven, captain of the navy flagship Almirante Latorre, was underwhelmed. He called representatives from all the ships in his squadron, reprimanded them for being unpatriotic, and refused to allow any petitions to be forwarded to the government.

That turned out to be a very bad move. Over the course of the evening, a mutiny was quietly arranged. A crowded boxing match provided ideal cover. In the early hours of the next morning, the officers were awoken by armed intruders, forced to give up their personal weapons, and locked in their cabins. In a little over 12 hours, the entire flotilla was under control of the mutineers.

The revolt spread ashore, and the Chilean government was forced into the unusual position of pitting their army and air force against the navy. The army overran the mutinous naval bases, and the air force performed raids against the ships. Casualties were relatively low, but it was enough to spook the rebels into surrender. They were acting out of practical motives, an attempt to improve their lot - none had any interest in dying for the cause.

3. Full Means No. 2

In March 2002, a Taiwanese fishing vessel called Full Means No. 2 was working in the Pacific when it was mutinied by its chef, Lei Shi. The young cook had gotten into an argument with the captain and demanded they return to China. When the captain refused, Shi stabbed him and then attacked the first officer. He threw the captain’s body overboard, but it took 12 hours for the first mate to die. His body was then stored in the ship’s freezer.

Shi holed himself up in the cabin with two large knives and threatened to kill anyone that approached him. He switched off the radio and GPS so the vessel couldn’t be found and ordered the second mate to sail them back to China. He was able to remain in control for two days, but he was eventually overpowered and locked in a cupboard.

Unfortunately, none of the surviving crew were able to figure out how to operate the radio. They set course for the nearest land, which happened to be Hawaii. Full Means No. 2 was intercepted about 100 kilometres (60 mi) from shore. Shi was convicted and sentenced to 36 years in prison by a Hawaiian judge. He appealed on the grounds that the US didn’t have jurisdiction over a craft registered in the Seychelles, when none of the people involved were US citizens, but the appeals court disagreed.

2. The Royal Indian Navy Mutiny

Perhaps the largest in history, the mutiny of the Royal Indian Navy in 1946 involved over 20,000 sailors across 78 ships and 20 bases on land. It was inspired by a combination of poor conditions, particularly around food, and growing opposition to British rule. It began on February 18 and had reached its full glory within 24 hours, led by a signaller named M.S. Khan.

By the next morning, the naval ensigns on the navy’s ships had been replaced with the Indian tricolour flag. News of the mutiny spread throughout India, and the sailors were welcomed ashore as heroes. Police, students, and workers’ unions went on strike in support. Around 1,200 members of the Royal Indian Air Force marched in favour of the actions. The Brits inevitably panicked.

The Royal Navy were ordered to put down the revolt. Royal Air Force bombers flew low above the Indian ships as a scare tactic. The mutineers were ordered to signal their surrender by raising a black flag. The sheer numbers on both sides made an Indian war of independence entirely possible. However, it wasn’t the British that put down the uprising, but India’s most prominent nationalists.

Mahatma Gandhi was the leader of the National Congress of India, whose flag had been hoisted on the ships. Along with members of India’s Muslim League, he called on the mutineers to surrender. They were disorganized, with no clear goal, and Gandhi really didn’t want a violent resolution. On February 23, the massive rebellion was over as quickly as it had begun.

1. The Mutinies Of The Chinese Slave Trade

When the African slave trade began to die off in the middle of the 19th century, a replacement was set up. The shipping of “coolies” was a way of importing cheap labourers, mainly from China, but the way they ended up on ships and the inhumane conditions they were forced to endure during transportation did nothing to differentiate it from the African trade of the last few centuries.

These conditions led to multiple mutinies at sea. In 1860, an American ship carrying 1,000 Chinese slaves called the Norway experienced an uprising. The Chinese labourers started fires in their quarters below decks and broke their way out of the hold. Thirty were shot dead and another 90 were injured before the remainder surrendered. The same year, The New York Times reported that a Chinese slave was shot dead and several others received 100 lashes when they attempted to overtake a ship harboured in Cape Town.

Contemporary reports of the mutinies tended to include tales of cruelty by the Chinese that sound very much like propaganda. An article from 1868 tells of an Italian ship, the Theresa, being mutinied by the 296 people in its “cargo.” While approaching New Zealand, the crew was rushed, a dozen of them being hacked to pieces and thrown overboard. One mate was tortured for 80 days by having nails driven into his head, among other things. Two factions of escaped slaves had a fight that left 50 of them dead. Their heads were stored in the ship’s hold in boxes, and the captain’s wife was forced to endure their stench for 60 days while being “not treated with the greatest kindness.”

[Source: Listverse. Edited.]