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Thursday, 4 December 2014

10 STRANGELY POPULAR FOODS FROM AROUND THE WORLD


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10 Strangely Popular Foods From Around The World
By Gregory Myers,
Toptenz, 4 December 2014.

To us, the food we eat is the most normal thing in the world. We see it every day, we eat it every day, and we hear about it every day because people like to share pictures of their meals on every social networking site on the planet. But people who don’t share our eating habits might find what we consume to be rather strange, and the same holds true in the opposite direction. Deliciousness is in the mouth of the beholder.

10. Dolphin Meat - Japan

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Dolphin meat isn’t popular, but it’s consumed regularly and found in grocery stores. Despite being one of the most intelligent animals in existence, dolphins are killed for their meat and the purpose of culling their numbers. Some people consider these practices barbaric and would prefer it if Japan stopped hunting both dolphins and whales for good. The Japanese defend themselves by saying that they need the food and need to bring the population down to keep dolphins healthy, although some sources claim this doesn’t ring true.

While there are certainly many different arguments to the debate, the most important fact both sides aren’t mentioning is the mercury. Dolphins and whales have such high levels of mercury that they’re really not safe for human consumption. Perhaps those who are against whaling and dolphin hunting would have a better time convincing people if they pointed out the fact that they may be poisoned by their eating habits, rather than decrying the cruelty of hunting the animals in question.

9. Tinned Spaghetti - New Zealand

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If you live in the United States, there’s a good chance the closest thing you’ve seen to tinned spaghetti is SpaghettiOs. But in the United Kingdom and New Zealand it’s common to see spaghetti in a can, where it’s an absurdly popular food item (especially in New Zealand, where they consume 21 million cans of the stuff a year). America has Chef Boyardee and other canned pastas, but not real tinned spaghetti.

The most popular brand is Watties, which comes in a number of varieties including versions that have small sausages if you’re craving meat. Heinz also gets in on the act with a canned spaghetti product we’ll likely never see Stateside. Tinned Spaghetti is popular on toast, but it’s also been used quite a bit as the worst pizza ingredient imaginable. A jar of Wattie’s tinned spaghetti is used instead of sauce, and then you add cheese and any other desired toppings before baking your abomination to golden brown perfection. To many of us spaghetti in a can probably sounds like an affront to good taste, good pasta and good cooking, but it’s a beloved comfort food and staple item to many.

8. Spam - Guam

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Spam is well known around the world as a survival food you keep tucked away in your pantry for rainy days, because it doesn’t need to be cooked and it basically never goes bad. However, Spam didn’t always have such a popular position. When it was first released it was basically an army food, but most civilians didn’t find much appeal in it. And while soldiers are used to regrettable fare, even most of them said it was meat that didn’t pass its physical.

While the canned meat product has never been incredibly popular Stateside, it’s actually absurdly popular on certain islands. During World War II America shipped a lot of this stuff, and quite a bit of it ended up in the hands of island locals. Hawaii is in love with Spam, and Guam is completely obsessed with it. They get several more flavours than Americans do, they serve it with almost everything and they even have a sushi roll type dish that uses Spam instead of fish. In Guam they consume about 16 cans per person per year, the highest consumption in the world.

7. Mammi - Finland

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Finland, like all Scandinavian countries, is known for being metal and drinking a lot of booze. You might think one of their favourite traditional foods would be something brutal and crazy or another way to get drunk, but it’s actually a dessert. Called Mammi, it’s usually served on Easter. Often served with milk or cream, it looks like a big lump of brown stuff just kind of sitting in the milk.  While hardly appetizing in appearance, the dish is a delicious treat.

A dessert that looks like a lump of brown stuff might not sound like it would require much work, but it actually has to be prepared carefully. There are many variations, but the main ingredients include water, sugar, rye flour, orange zest, molasses and seasonings. Then the recipe gets serious - you first have to let all the ingredients sit together for a long while to soak up all the different flavours, then you bake it, and then you chill it for several days before you actually get to soak it in milk and enjoy the fruits of your labour.

6. Peanut Butter - United States

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Peanut butter is absurdly popular in the United States. You’d be hard pressed to find a single American who doesn’t have some version of it in their fridge, pantry or both. A peanut butter and jelly sandwich is still considered a classic American lunch, and peanut butter is ubiquitous around the entire country.

It’s one of the most popular comfort foods in the country for a reason - it’s cheap, lasts a long time, provides fat and protein and is as simple and quick to prepare as you can get. If you’re on a budget, in a hurry or just want comfort food, peanut butter is the way to go. In other parts of the world this is considered strange - peanut butter is starting to make its way around the globe, but many Europeans still give it funny looks and consider it an odd product. There was a time when it wasn’t really known or used much outside of the States. Even now that’s available in many more countries it hasn’t gained any real traction, possibly due to the fact that Europeans don’t like adding sugar to every single one of their foods and most American peanut butter is packed with it.

5. Dog Meat - China

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In the West, even people who don’t particularly care for pets would balk at the idea of eating dog. They’re lovable, loyal little creatures who serve as faithful pets, but in some parts of China they’re an important staple. In Yulin they even have a yearly festival where about 10,000 dogs are eaten.

Animal rights protesters show up at these events and try to convince people to stop eating dog, but the locals feel they shouldn’t have to explain themselves. For them it’s not about eating a pet, it’s about sustenance. Many other kinds of meat are harder to come by, and one citizen told a protester that he would give up dog if the protester would give up beef. When asked about the hypocrisy of still eating beef while complaining about dog, one of the protesters explained that he thinks the two are different - he believes dogs simply have more worth on a moral scale than animals like cows.

4. Brown Sauce - United Kingdom

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In the United Kingdom, brown sauce is a popular condiment to put on all kinds of meals. The sauce is especially popular in England, where it was first created. Brown sauce starts off with a tomato base, but quickly changes from there. It also includes ingredients like rye flour, molasses, tamarind and malt vinegar. The most popular brand by far is called HP, which stands for Houses of Parliament. It serves a similar function to America’s obsession with putting ketchup on practically everything - the UK goes through about 27 million bottles of the stuff a year. The recipe was created over a century ago and still has enduring popularity to this day.

However, it was recently the victim of controversy. Due to regulations intended to keep salt in products down, Heinz changed the recipe and angered a lot of people in doing so. While it’s understandable that they needed to comply with the law, it seems silly to change something that worked so well for over 100 years.

3. Salo - Ukraine

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Popular in Russia and especially Ukraine, salo has similarities to both bacon and lard. But while bacon tends to have only stripes of fat and lard is the processed fat from a pig, salo resembles a huge hunk of meat fat at first, because that’s basically what it is. It will sometimes have a small layer of meat, but it’s nearly entirely fat.

In order to make the meat last longer it’s kept in the cold and dark as part of the curing process, so in essence you’re eating a pile of cured fat. This makes it a great food to keep you going through a long, cold, Slavic winter, but it certainly doesn’t sound appetizing. As a quick snack for energy it’s often consumed raw or quickly spread on bread. Don’t age it for too long though, or it will become inedible and more suited to the making of shoes. Bon appétit.

2. Witchetty Grubs - Australian Aboriginals

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In many parts of Australia high protein food can be quite scarce, so eating insects is a logical conclusion. Unfortunately, there’s really no way to convince someone who didn’t grow up eating bugs that doing so is anything other than completely gross. However, for aboriginals it’s always been a staple.

Witchetty grubs are actually the larval form of different moth species and are supposed to taste like almonds. They’re sometimes cooked to give them a nice coating on the outside, but are just as often consumed raw. While it sounds gross, it’s certainly efficient to simply pick your food out of the ground and then enjoy your meal.

1. Stink Bugs - South Africa

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Eating grub larva is one thing, but in some parts of the world humans eat even nastier bugs. You’ve probably heard of the stink bug - they buzz all over the place and emit a foul odour if you squash them. Many see them as pests, but elsewhere they’re an important foodstuff that are harvested on a regular basis. They’re usually collected by hand in the early morning hours, before they start moving around too much.

Even stranger is the process for preparing them. Live stink bugs must first be tricked into using their stink glands with a small amount of water. Then they’re rinsed in water multiple times, boiled to finish killing them, and cooked to prepare them for consumption. If the stink bugs are already dead, an entirely different and much more complicated procedure has to be performed before they can safely be eaten. It seems like a lot of work just to munch on a few tiny bugs, but you have to work with the sources of protein you have available.

Top image: Harvesting of the edible stink bug Encosternum delegorguei in South Africa. Credit: Cathy Dzerefos/Wikimedia Commons.

[Source: Toptenz. Edited. Top image added.]

INFOGRAPHIC: 40 YEARS OF PERSONAL COMPUTING


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40 Years of Personal Computing
By KeriLynn Engel,
Who Is Hosting This, 3 December 2014.

Computers have probably been around longer than you think.

Charles Babbage began to theorize about computers in the early 1800s, imagining a machine that could automatically calculate basic arithmetic and print out the results. After reading about his “Analytical Engine,” Ada Lovelace not only wrote the very first computer program, but predicted the future of powerful computers that could “compose elaborate and scientific pieces of music of any degree of complexity or extent,” and perform any task that could be translated into binary code.

While the military found uses for “automatic calculating machines” using punch tapes in the 30s and 40s, it wasn’t until the mid-20th century that businesses began to use computers as well.

When you think about early computers, what comes to mind probably isn’t the Analytical Engine, but the huge mainframe computers that came into use in the 1950s and 60s, like the IBM 1401. Thousands of 1401s were sold to businesses which used them to replace accounting machines and calculators. These mainframes had a hefty price tag, starting at US$2500 per month (equivalent to about US$20,000 today).

Back then, it was accepted that computers were for the government, research laboratories, and big businesses who needed to automate complex calculations and process large amounts of data. Computers tallied votes, scored sports games, and calculated ballistics.

No one imagined that computers would have a use in personal households. What individual person had a need to process large amounts of data at home?

Even when the first microcomputers started coming out in the 1970s and 80s, many computer companies just didn’t see a market for them outside of businesses. The first microcomputers were designed for use by small businesses who couldn’t afford larger computers, but then started to be used in the home as well.

Many early computer hobbyists got their start on these early computers, and it was only a matter of time until computer companies recognized the potential of the personal computer, and started building and marketing computers for individual home use.

In such a short history of personal computing, we’ve come a long way! Here’s how the journey unfolded. Do you remember using any of the classic computers listed below?

40-Years-of-personal-computers

Top image credit: Wikimedia Commons.

[Source: Who Is Hosting This. Top image added.]

Wednesday, 3 December 2014

8 AMAZING NATURAL WONDERS OF THE MIDDLE EAST


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8 Amazing Natural Wonders of the Middle East
By
When On Earth, 2 December 2014.

Have you ever thought of traveling to the Middle East? The Middle East isn’t known as a travel hotspot only for the heat, but for its amazing natural wonders as well. Walking on an isolated island with weird trees or sinking in a sea of rich minerals for healthy skin, the Middle East welcomes you to do these pleasures anytime.

So where do you go? Here are the eight natural wonders of the Middle East that’s all going to be worth the trip:

1. Jeita Grotto, Lebanon

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Photo Source: lebanon-pictures

Home of the largest known stalactite in the world, the Jeita Grotto is Lebanon’s famous tourist attraction. These two interconnected limestone caves were once inhabited during prehistoric times but were only discovered in 1836. You can visit the caves by riding a boat that’ll sail through the lower cave or walk through tunnels and walkways to see the beautiful cave formations. Jeita Grotto is located in the Nahr al-Kalb Valley, north of Beirut. [Jeita Grotto website]

2. The Kaluts, Iran

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Photo Source: Katlenburg-Lindau

The Kaluts are a series of eroded walls and towers sticking out of the Dasht-e Lut desert, the hottest place in Iran. The years of soil, water, and wind erosion made the Kaluts have their otherworldly appearance. You can see these formations in the Kerman province, southeast of Iran.

3. Socotra Island, Yemen

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Photo Source: Rod Waddington

A small archipelago in the Indian Ocean with just four islands, Socotra is Yemen’s alien site boasting its amazing yet weird plant life that you can’t see anywhere else. This is where you can see the both strange-looking Dragon Tree and the Bottle tree. [Socotra Information Project]

4. The Dead Sea

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Photo Source: David Shankbone

There’s nothing deadlier than the Dead Sea because of its grounds off-limits to habitation, but what makes it alive and popular is its mineral rich waters that’s now used by resorts and spas. It sits between Jordan, Israel, and the West Bank and is the lowest land elevation on Earth, lying 1,388 feet below sea level.

5. Rub ‘al Khali, Arabian Peninsula

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Photo Source: Nepenthes

Rub ‘al Khali is the biggest sand desert in the world stretching for 250,000 square miles. The stretch covers one-third of the Arabian Peninsula, covering the parts of Saudi Arabia, Oman, Yemen, and the United Arab Emirates. It’s known for its red-orange dunes that reach up to 800 feet in some places and also for its oil-rich grounds. [National Geographic virtual tour]

6. Al-Hasa Oasis, Saudi Arabia

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Photo Source: Chris Helmkamp

Al-Hasa Oasis is the largest natural oasis in Asia with an area of 30,000 acres. It is located just over 40 miles from the coast of the Arabian Gulf. There are over 60 artesian springs that provide water irrigation to over 3 million date palms as well as the million residents of the area. [Al-Hasa Oasis at Saudi Tourism]

7. Bu Tinah Island, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

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Photo Source: Sivodaya

Bu Tinah Island is a collection of shoals and coral reefs lying within the UNESCO designated Marawah Marine Biosphere Reserve. This is the home of the endangered Hawksbill turtle and it’s also where you can find the densest population of dugongs on Earth. Unfortunately, the Bu Tinah Island is not open for visitors.

8. Musandam Fjords, Oman

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Photo Source: Geraldine Friedrich

Fjords aren’t only exclusive in Norway because Oman got one to be proud of. If Norway’s fjords are lush and green, Oman’s Musandam Fjords are dry and barren with sandy, rugged mountains. You can go snorkelling in its turquoise waters and go on a mountain safari on its scorched valleys. [Video]

Top image source: Traveldragon

[Source: When On Earth. Edited. Some links added.]

9 FASTER AND ECO-FRIENDLIER FUTURE AIRPLANES


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Future Airplanes To Be Faster and Eco-Friendlier
By Glenn McDonald,
Discovery News, 2 December 2014.

Technology moves faster every day. But commercial air travel hasn't changed as quickly as some industries in recent years. Experts project big changes in the next few decades, though, especially as aviation companies deploy significant innovations in design, material sciences and alternative energy sources. Here we take a look at some of changes on the horizon for commercial, cargo and experimental aircraft.

1. N3X

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Credit: NASA/Wikimedia Commons

The N3-X concept aircraft, from Boeing and NASA, is based on a blended wing body (BWB) design intended to improve aerodynamics, fuel efficiency and noise emissions. The ultra-wide fuselage would greatly expand carrying capacity for commercial flights.

2. Double Bubble D8

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Developed by a research team from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), the D8 "Double Bubble" aircraft would be used for domestic flights and is designed to fly at Mach 0.74 carrying 180 passengers in a coach cabin roomier than that of a Boeing 737-800. The D8 could enter service as soon as 2030, NASA says.

3. Quiet Supersonic

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From Lockheed Martin, this concept design for a future supersonic aircraft is focused on reducing emissions and creating a quieter boom. A quieter craft would allow supersonic flights over land, where they are currently prohibited.

4. GigaBay

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Meanwhile, over on the cargo plane tarmac, the GIGAbay concept envisions a ginormous aircraft powered by four hybrid fuel/electric engines, with supplemental energy provided by hydrogen fuel cells, wind generators and solar panels. The cargo area of the GIGAbay design is so large it could carry other jumbo aircraft, or even mobile field hospitals.

5. VoltAir

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Powered by two superconducting electric motors, the concept plane known as the VoltAir (get it?) is a proposed all-electric airliner out of Europe. The engines would draw from next-generation lithium ion batteries - really big ones - that would be simply swapped out between flights.

6. Closed Wing

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Credit: Vittorio C/Wikimedia Commons

Some cutting-edge technologies on the horizon are actually modifications of existing designs that have been around for more than a century. To wit, the illustration above imagines the closed-wing "PrandtlPlane" design applied to commercial passenger aircraft. Closed-wing planes have smaller wingspans than traditional aircraft, relative to fuselage size, allowing larger planes to operate out of smaller airports.

7. E Thrust

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Another sort of hybrid, the E-Thrust design - from Rolls-Royce and several European partners - uses a combination of gas-turbine engines and battery-powered fans. The jet engines would only kick in when needed, similar to gas/electric hybrid cars. The fans would also be used, on descent, as built-in windmills to recharge the on-board batteries.

8. Solar Impulse

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And from the ultralight division, we have the Solar Impulse 2, the latest iteration of the world's most advanced solar-powered, single-seat aircraft. The Swiss team behind the project plans to circumnavigate the planet in 2015, using a team of pilots flying in shifts over the course of about five months.

9. SkyWhale

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Finally, from the designer who brought us the GIGAbay cargo plane, the mighty Sky Whale also subscribes to the concept that bigger equals better - and greener. The Sky Whale is a largely theoretical vision for a passenger plane that could seat 755 passengers on three floors, using a combination of alternative power sources. The upshot? More passengers per flight means fewer flights, and fewer emissions.

[Source: Discovery News. Edited. Links added.]

10 PLACES THAT LOOK NOTHING LIKE YOU THINK


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10 Places That Look Nothing Like You Think
By Joshua T. Garcia,
Listverse, 3 December 2014.

Mount Everest isn’t the beautiful, pristine mountain you might think it is. Everest is littered with hordes of hikers, mountains of garbage, and the occasional dead body. That, and its ice is melting.

Iconic places are associated with a shared mental image, but you might be surprised how often such places look nothing like you think. Sometimes, our imagination fails to encompass all a place has to offer; other times, we just get the whole thing wrong.

10. Texas Is More Than A Desert

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Photo credit: Larry D. Moore

From Western movies, you might get the impression that Texas is a godforsaken desert wasteland. The imagery of cowboys galloping through the unforgiving, barren heat of a Martian-looking landscape is a staple of the genre. But any proper Texan will also let you know that Texas is massive, and there’s much more in the state than just desert. In fact, Texas can be broken down into four major climactic regions, excluding transitional zones. East Texas is largely forested, like Texas’s eastern neighbours. Central Texas is home to the state’s prairies and grasslands. West Texas is home to desert biomes, which are not as barren as you might imagine. Finally, South Texas borders the Gulf of Mexico and consequently features large swathes of wetlands (in addition to beaches).

The deserts of Texas are not the flat sand dunes you would expect to find in the Sahara. In fact, Texas’s deserts feature some impressive mountains, such as the Guadalupe Mountain range, some of whose peaks reach thousands of feet in the air. The Guadalupe Mountains are surrounded by the Chihuahuan Desert, a part of which is designated as the Big Bend National Park, which is a mixture of desert, mountain, canyon, and river scenery.

9. The Galapagos Islands Are Heavily Inhabited

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Photo credit: Pete

For decades, the Galapagos Islands, located 965 kilometres (600 mi) west of mainland South America, have been the poster child for wildlife and nature - iconic species like giant tortoises and marine iguanas are full of wonder and charisma. You might be surprised to know that the Galapagos can hardly be considered a beautiful tropical paradise; the islands are rugged volcanic formations - huge chunks of black volcanic rock. Some areas of the Galapagos are even desert, with cacti species growing as tall as trees.

The Galapagos Islands are also owned by Ecuador. Ecuadorians decided to colonize the islands after they annexed them from Spain. Yes, “Darwin’s Paradise” is inhabited by a growing number of Ecuadorians. In an attempt to grow the tourism industry, the Ecuadorian government guaranteed that wages for Galapaguenos would be higher than for Ecuadorians working on the mainland. Currently, the human population between the islands stands at around 30,000, the result of a flood of immigration. Puerto Ayora, located on the island of Santa Cruz, is the largest town in the Galapagos. The population growth has not been good for the environment of the Galapagos. Several species have been overfished, and the people themselves lack access to health care, clean water, and education.

8. Kansas Isn’t So Flat

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Photo credit: Kzollman

If there’s one state with a reputation for being flat, it’s Kansas. In 2003, three geographers even jokingly measured the flatness of Kansas against the flatness of a pancake - Kansas, it turns out, was flatter. Sure, there are parts of Kansas that are flat. Like, really flat. There’s no getting around it. But the entire state isn’t like that. From its Missouri to Colorado borders, the state slopes from 1,200 meters (4,000 ft) in elevation to 200 meters (700 ft). In addition, the state features massive rock formations like the Monument Rocks and the Chalk Badlands. The Flint Hills are a major region in the state, formed from eroded flint rock.

Kansas isn’t actually even considered one of the top five flattest states by the American Geographical Society. In an article published in the Geographical Review in 2014, Florida took the title of the flattest state. Kansas was in seventh place, behind Florida, Illinois, North Dakota, Louisiana, Minnesota, and Delaware. Why might people associate Kansas with flatness so much more than other states? Possibly because highways tend to favour flat areas over hilly areas - anyone simply passing through Kansas wouldn’t ordinarily encounter all the hilly and rocky areas Kansas has to offer.

7. British Columbia Is Borderline Tropical

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Canada is America’s friendly but freezing neighbour to the north. However, not all of Canada is covered in a sheet of snow. For a while now, the Canadian province of British Columbia (and especially its Vancouver Island) has been cultivating a tropical image. British Columbia has some of the mildest winters in all of Canada, and its proximity to the ocean makes it ideal for summer activities like sailing.

What plant is associated with the tropics more than any other? Palm trees, which British Columbia has plenty of. Cities like Oak Bay even make a special event of selling palm trees. Now, to be sure, these aren’t palm trees that have been supplanted directly from the Caribbean. They’re a bit hardier, having originated from the rain forests around the Himalayas, as well as Chile and Argentina. The palms have adapted to southern British Columbia with little problem and are spreading north as they grow even hardier. Fossil evidence suggests that these hardy palm trees were once common throughout North America.

All this is not to say that British Columbia is Canada’s California: If you go further inland, there’s plenty of snow to ski on.

6. Hawaii Has A Desert

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The Hawaiian Islands are among the world’s premier tropical destinations. So engrained is our idea of Hawaii as a tropical getaway, Hawaii’s number one industry is tourism, and a huge amount of government effort goes into maintaining it. Palm trees, beaches, sun, and powerful volcanoes were responsible for the formation of the islands. Yes, like many volcanic islands (such as the aforementioned Galapagos), Hawaii has a more diverse collection of climactic zones than one might expect.

The Hawaiian Islands are on top of a volcanic hot spot: Numerous eruptions from the Earth created a build-up of lava until islands were formed. Each of the major islands has at least one volcano. Lava rock is not the most hospitable habitat for plants and animals, and on the Big Island (Hawaii), one clump of lava surrounding the volcano Kilauea has come to be known as the Ka’u Desert.

Ka’u Desert is barren and black - a twisted mass of dried lava, where hardly any plants are able to grow. Ka’u is called a desert because it receives relatively little rainfall due to being in the shadow of Kilauea, from which it also receives a high amount of sulphur dioxide gas. This gas causes acid rain, which contributes to the lack of vegetation. The lava rock is also too permeable for many plants to grow in. Despite receiving relatively little rainfall, Ka’u Desert receives too much to actually qualify as a true desert.

5. New South Wales Has Ski Resorts

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Photo credit: Picturesk

Australia, as you’d imagine, is pretty hot. In fact, there are vast parts of the continent that are completely inhospitable to human habitation. While snow is not common, there are a handful of places that get cold enough for skiing, an activity that stretches back to 1861 in Australian history, thanks to some Norwegian immigrants. In the winter, snow falls regularly in elevated terrain in New South Wales and Victoria, as well as in Tasmania. Only on very, very rare occasions will snow fall in the other states. The coldest temperature ever recorded in Australia was –23 degrees Celsius (–9 °F) in the Snowy Mountains, which are located in New South Wales.

During the winter, the creatively named Snowy Mountains can receive enough snowfall to support a skiing and snowboarding industry. (It’s worth mentioning that the Snowy Mountains ironically aren’t even covered in snow year-round.) There’s even a set of live cameras pointed at the Snowy Mountains to let people know how much snow is available for skiing and snowboarding. As Australia is in the Southern Hemisphere, its seasons are flipped - peak skiing usually begins in June.

4. Sochi, Russia Is A Beach Resort

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Photo credit: Andrey Babushkin

Sochi was quite possibly the least appropriate place in Russia to host the 2014 Winter Olympics. Sochi is quite close to a contested territory on the border between Russia and Georgia. During the games, Russia expanded its control over a border zone 11 kilometres (7 mi) inside Georgia. Depending on whom you ask, however, this border zone was not extended inside Georgia but Abkhazia, a region in Georgia that Russia has recognized as an independent state. Sochi is also near the Caucasus Mountains, home to Russia’s deadliest terrorists. Additionally, it was clear from the controversy at the start of the Games that the city’s infrastructure was not prepared to handle the demands placed on the city by the arrival of the Olympics.

All that being said, Sochi was actually the worst place to host the Winter Olympics because the city itself is actually...a beach resort. Yup. Sochi and the surrounding areas are the warmest region in the entire country. The climate is even classified as subtropical. A month before the games, the Caucasus Mountains were completely free of snow. Years before the games even began, Russia began stockpiling snow from each year’s winter and supplemented this snow with artificial snow that a Finnish expert helped them manufacture.

3. The Great Wall Of China Is Mostly In Ruin

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Photo credit: Nagyman

The Great Wall of China is one of the most iconic architectural feats in human history. Built to protect the Chinese Empire from nomadic enemies, the wall stretches for thousands upon thousands of miles through 11 Chinese provinces and into North Korea and Mongolia. In total, the wall and all its branches are estimated to be 21,196 kilometres (13,170 mi) long. When the wall is photographed or seen in movies, the shots are almost exclusively directed at the part of the wall that has been restored near Beijing. These sections attract millions of tourists each year and likely fool people into thinking that the wall is as powerful and sturdy as it ever was.

In reality, the wall is mostly falling apart. Away from Beijing, the wall’s stones crumble under the weight of time. Some sections are covered with vegetation. Parts of the structure are in such disrepair that they’re barely recognizable as belonging to the Great Wall; many of these sections are closed to the public. The Great Wall is also no more recognizable from space than are highways and airports - in low orbit, it’s sort of discernible, but it isn’t at all from the Moon.

2. Madagascar Isn’t Largely Rain Forest

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Photo credit: Aleix Cabarrocas Garcia

Madagascar equals lemurs and tropical rain forest. Well, sort of. Just like the other islands featured on this list, Madagascar actually has a varied range of ecosystems. Most of the rain forests on Madagascar are found on the east coast of the island. These rain forests are home to numerous endemic species, including lemurs, which are found exclusively on Madagascar. However, the most iconic lemur species, the ring-tailed lemur, is actually found in the dry forests of the southwest, far from the rain forests of the east.

One unique type of dry forest found on Madagascar is appropriately called “spiny forest” (or “spiny desert”). The spiny forest consists of small, cactus-like plants with small leaves that grow thorns and spines for protection. Though similar in appearance, these plants, which belong to the Didiereaceae family, are not related to cacti. Besides the eastern rain forests and southern and western dry forests, Madagascar also features grassland and desert ecosystems that were formed largely as a result of human habitation. Areas that were once heavily forested are now covered in grasses and introduced cacti. These lands were cleared for farming or cattle grazing.

1. The Sistine Chapel Is Actually Pretty Small

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Photo credit: Maus-Trauden

The Sistine Chapel houses the most enduring art of the Renaissance. Pope Julius II commissioned the decoration of the Sistine Chapel to Michelangelo, whose legacy lies in the religious paintings found therein, despite having been primarily a sculptor. Before Michelangelo, the inside of the Sistine Chapel was painted in a simple starry night-time pattern.

Because the Sistine Chapel’s art is so memorialized and grandiose in its significance to Western culture, you’d be forgiven for imagining the Chapel as some vast, colossal monument. But it’s not a monastery, cathedral, or church - it’s a chapel, and so it’s relatively small: around 40 x 13 x 21 meters (132 x 44 x 68 ft). These dimensions were inspired by the purported size of Solomon’s Temple, which was said to have been destroyed in A.D. 70. The Vatican teamed up with Villanova University (located in Pennsylvania) to produce a virtual tour of the Sistine Chapel - it’s small enough that you can see the entire interior without moving about. The outside of the chapel is much less remarkable than its interior. It’s an unassuming but well-constructed brown building attached to the Apostolic Palace (which is where the Cardinals gather to select a new Pope).

Top image: Spiny forest at Ifaty, Madagascar. Credit: Jialiang Gao/Wikimedia Commons.

[Source: Listverse. Edited. Top image added.]