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Tuesday, 31 December 2013

TOP 13 SCIENCE STORIES OF 2013


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WIRED’s Top Science Stories of the Year
By Betsy Mason,
Wired, 30 December 2013.

A lot of our readers either love spiders, or love to hate spiders. Either way, in 2013 three spider stories are among our 13 most popular posts. Space, the meaning of consciousness and our impending plutonium shortage were also popular topics. Here’s the list of the stories you liked best (or at least clicked on the most).

1. Voyager 1 Discovers Bizarre and Baffling Region at Edge of Solar System

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In June, NASA’s Voyager 1 spacecraft entered a bizarre new region at the solar system’s edge that baffled physicists. Their theories hadn’t predicted anything like it. Three months after we published this story, NASA officially confirmed that Voyager 1 had left the solar system and entered interstellar space in August 2012.

2. Absurd Creature of the Week: 10-Foot Bobbit Worm Is the Ocean’s Most Disturbing Predator

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This is Eunice aphroditois, also known as the bobbit worm, a mix between the Mongolian death worm, the Bugs from Starship Troopers, the Graboids from Tremors and a rainbow. It hunts in the most nightmarish way imaginable, digging itself into the seabed, exposing a few inches of its body - which can grow to 10 feet long - and waiting.

3. New Giant Tarantula Discovered in Sri Lanka

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We reported in April that a new type of tarantula about the size of your face had been found in northern Sri Lanka. Scientists found the spiders - with a leg span up to 8 inches across - living in trees and the old doctor’s quarters of a hospital. Our comparison of the spider’s size to your face helped this story crawl creepily into the far corners of the internet, and even onto the Colbert Report.

4. 4 Billion-Pixel Panorama From Curiosity Rover Brings Mars to Your Computer Screen

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Sweep your gaze around Gale Crater on Mars, where NASA’s Curiosity rover is currently exploring, with this 4-billion-pixel panorama stitched together from 295 images. The mosaic was created by photographer Andrew Bodrov of Estonia. It stretches 90,000 by 45,000 pixels and uses pictures taken by the rover’s two MastCams.

5. WTF Is This Weird Web-Tower Thing? We Asked Around. No One Knows

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Something in the Peruvian Amazon is making weird, intricate structures that resemble white picket fences surrounding an Isengard-like spire. When we first reported on the phenomenon in September, experts we consulted didn’t know what was making them. So in December, we followed some scientists into the jungle and found the answer.

6. Watch the Biggest Explosion Ever Seen on the Moon

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In May, NASA scientists recorded the biggest explosion from a meteorite impact seen on the moon in eight years of monitoring. The lunar burst was caused by a 40-kilogram boulder-sized rock slamming into the surface at about 90,000 kph. It generated a flash 10 times brighter than anything seen before.

7. NASA’s Plutonium Problem Could End Deep-Space Exploration

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Most of what we know about the outer planets came back to Earth on plutonium power. Cassini’s exploration of Saturn, Curiosity’s roving of Mars and the 2015 New Horizons flyby of Pluto are all fuelled by plutonium-238. This metal’s radioactive decay makes it a super-fuel, and there is no other viable option. But there’s a problem: We’ve almost run out.

8. A Neuroscientist’s Radical Theory of How Networks Become Conscious

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It’s a question that’s perplexed philosophers for centuries and scientists for decades: Where does consciousness come from? We know it exists, at least in ourselves. But how it arises from chemistry and electricity in our brains is an unsolved mystery. Neuroscientist Christof Koch of the Allen Institute for Brain Science, thinks he might know the answer.

9. Consciousness After Death: Strange Tales From the Frontiers of Resuscitation Medicine

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Sam Parnia practices resuscitation medicine. In other words, he helps bring people back from the dead - and some return with stories. Their tales could help save lives, and even challenge traditional scientific ideas about the nature of consciousness. And new techniques promise to even further extend the boundary between life and death.

10. The Forgotten Cold War Plan That Put a Ring of Copper Around the Earth

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During the summer of 1963, Earth looked a tiny bit like Saturn. The United States launched half a billion whisker-thin copper wires into orbit in an attempt to install a ring around the Earth. It was called Project West Ford, and it’s a perfect, if odd, example of the Cold War paranoia and military mentality at work in America’s early space program.

11. Why You Need Not Fear the Poor, Misunderstood Brown Recluse Spider

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It’s hard to think of a critter that inspires as much hyperbolic hysteria as the brown recluse spider. If you believe the tales, these small arachnids are biting people all day, every day, producing massive, stinking flesh-craters that require months of intensive care. Though there are strands of truth in the hype, on the whole, it’s bunk.

12. Help Wanted: Astronauts Needed for Mars Colony

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Mars One, a non-profit organization that intends to establish a human settlement on Mars in 2023, needs astronauts to volunteer for a one-way trip to the Red Planet. In January, Mars One released its application criteria. Among other virtues, astronaut candidates must be resilient, adaptable, curious, creative and resourceful. And a little crazy?

13. Pew Pew! Scientists Build Lasers Out of Sound, Call Them Phasers

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Using a nanoscale drum, scientists have built a laser that uses sound waves instead of light like a conventional laser. Because laser is an acronym for “light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation,” these new contraptions - which exploit particles of sound called phonons - should properly be called phasers.

Top image: Artist's concept showing NASA's two Voyager spacecraft exploring a turbulent region of space known as the heliosheath, the outer shell of the bubble of charged particles around our sun. Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech.

[Source: Wired. Edited. Top image added.]


8 MOST IMPORTANT GADGETS OF 2013


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The Most Important Gadgets of 2013
By Eric Limer,
Gizmodo, 30 December 2013.

Every year, we're hit by yet another wave of new gadgets. Some of them are good, a lot of them are bad, but a very select few manage to be important. Here are the gadgets (listed in no particular order) that had the biggest impact on the technological landscape in 2013.

1. Google Chromecast

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There are plenty of great set-top boxes out there, but the none of scraped the bottom of the price-barrel like Google's Chromecast. As simple as it is dirt cheap, the Chromecast made streaming media to TV wildly more accessible than ever before, and even if the compatible apps are only trickling in, US$35 man. That's practically nothing.

2. HTC One

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With a body carved out of a solid brick of aluminium, the HTC One was the first Android phone that was genuinely beautiful. And it's also a damn good phone. Sure the Sense UI isn't great, and the Moto X and Nexus 5 are out now with better (cleaner) software, but the HTC One still gets big ups for dragging Android to a new world of wonderful hardware.

3. iPhone 5C

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OK so the iPhone 5C in and of itself is the boring iPhone, just an iPhone 5 in plastic clothing. But it represents a huge shift for Apple. There are two different new iPhones right now. Two! For the very first time it's possible to buy a new iPhone and pick the wrong one. So while the phone itself might not blow your mind, the road to a bevy of iPhone options has been paved in colourful polycarbonate.

4. Moto X

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Recently Google-owned Motorola hasn't made a Nexus phone (yet), but its Moto X is exciting and important in its own handful of ways. With more hardware customization options than any handset before it, Google Now voice integration that's still unmatched outside Motorola hardware, nearly stock Android, and a low on-contract price point, the Moto X is the first Android phone that's really for everybody. If the HTC One was Android's design response to the iPhone, the Moto X is the same for software and pure, blanket recommendability.

5. Nokia 1020

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The best camera is the camera you have with you, and while just about every flagship phone nowadays packs a serviceable shooter, the Nokia 1020 was the first to basically be a camera with a phone attached instead of vice versa. With manual focus control and badass oversampling that offers digital zoom that blows other smartphones out of the water, the 1020 was a total beast from the get-go. And now with the Pureview update that lets it shoot in RAW, the Nokia 1020 is the best smartphone camera ever, by leaps and bounds.

6. Retina iPad Mini

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When the first iPad mini came out it sold pretty well, which was a damn shame considering it was overpriced and underspec'd compared to the competition. But now that the Mini has a retina display, it's finally a great product. It's an iterative update, but one that's big enough to finally bring Apple into the small tablet world in a way that's not a joke.

7. Sony A7, A7r

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When you think full-frame camera, it's always meant a big, pricey DSLR. But with Sony's new mirrorless, full-frame 35mm A7, that's no longer the case. The end of the DSLR (outside its pro-user niche) is in view, and the Sony A7 is its harbinger.

8. Xbox One

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Finally, after a literal eternity seven years, we've got a new console generation, and the Xbox One packs in the pure future. While a number of its most forward-thinking features got smacked down before release, it's still the single most futuristic piece of living room technology out there - when it works. Between Kinect auto-login, voice controls that are a joy to use, and fantastic cable box integration, it's not only a game console, but a proto-Star Trek computer for your TV. And that's huge.

[Source: Gizmodo. Edited.]


TOP 5 UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLE (DRONE) STORIES OF 2013


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Year of the drone: Gizmag's top UAV stories for 2013
By David Szondy,
Gizmag, 29 December 2013.

Although aerial drones been around in one form or another since World War I, it hasn’t really been until the last decade that they’ve really taken off, so to speak. Where they were once restricted to a spot of battlefield reconnaissance, in addition to military applications, drones are now used for everything from agriculture to oil prospecting and by everyone from rescue workers to real estate agents. Although the technological advances and proliferation of drones has accelerated over the past decade, 2013 was the year that the technology really entered the public consciousness. So let’s have a look back at Gizmag’s pick of the top drone stories of 2013.

1. Drone helps save a man’s life

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Draganfly Innovations' X4-ES quadcopter

Drones are often in the news for controversial events, such as their use in firing missiles on suspected terrorists or in surveillance of the public. But every now and again we get stories of UAVs of protecting or even saving lives, such as last May when a quadcopter was used to help rescue a man from freezing to death in Canada.

On May 9, at 12:20 am, the Saskatoon RCMP received a report of a single-vehicle rollover in the countryside at near-freezing temperatures. Though the car was found, the driver, who was lightly clad and had lost his shoes in the accident, was nowhere to be seen. An air ambulance helicopter was called in and the crew used a night vision system to conduct a larger aerial search. When that also proved fruitless, the RCMP brought in the detachment’s forward-looking infrared (FLIR) camera-equipped Draganflyer X4-ES quadcopter.

Built by Saskatoon-based Draganfly Innovations, the X4-ES was set to work and when the 25-year old driver, who was wandering lost, made an emergency call from his mobile phone, the police were able to use his phone’s GPS coordinates to locate his general position two miles (3.2 km) south of the accident site. Sent to the area, the X4-ES was able to pinpoint the driver’s heat signature, allowing emergency services to recover the now unconscious man before he suffered what could have been fatal exposure.

2. Submarine UAV launch

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XFC taking off from a submarine

December 5 saw a drone launched from an underwater US Navy submarine. The US Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) launched the all-electric eXperimental Fuel Cell Unmanned Aerial System (XFC) from the Los Angeles-class nuclear-powered attack submarine USS Providence (SSN 719) using a system that allowed the drone to be deployed without modifications to the boat, or requiring it to surface.

The XFC unmanned aircraft was developed by the NRL in less than six years from initial concept to current stage. It is all-electric and powered by a fuel cell that allows it to stay aloft for more than six hours. According to the NRL, the UAV is relatively low cost, flies at low altitude, and is designed for Intelligence Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR) missions. The craft has folding wings and is designed to be launched from a pickup truck or small surface vessel.

Launched using a “Sea Robin” vehicle, the XFC used its electrically-assisted take-off system to raise itself vertically out of the container, and after reaching operating speed and altitude unfolded its wings for horizontal flight. The XFC flew for several hours as it beamed back a video feed to the Providence.

3. AirMule

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AirMule Vertical Take-off and Landing (VTOL) prototype aircraft

Move over Batman, AirMule is on the job - or soon may be, if its flight tests work out. The unmanned AirMule VTOL (Vertical Take-off and Landing) prototype aircraft demonstrated its stuff this month as it flew autonomously in anticipation of a full mission demo. It’s made by Israel's Tactical Robotics Ltd., and can be flown either by remote control or autonomously. Among other things, it's intended for the evacuation of wounded personnel in war zones while under anti-aircraft fire.

With a payload of up to 640 kg (1,400 lb), and a potential top speed of 180 km/h (112 mph), what gives AirMule its Dark Knight vibe are the internal rotor blades contained within its body (as distinct from the shrouded props at the back). This design feature should allow it to land in tight or uneven areas where the open blades of a regular helicopter could be damaged by striking objects or, worse, people.

Full mission demonstrations are planned for next year using a second prototype now under construction.

4. Amazon's Prime Air

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Amazon Octocopter

We knew this was going to happen sooner or later. Once quadcopters were able to lift more than their own weight, they’d soon be put to work delivering everything from junk food to defibrillators. Now Amazon has got into the act with CEO Jeff Bezos revealing plans for Prime Air (an extension of Amazon Prime which guarantees two-day shipping) in a 60 Minutes interview that would use drones to airlift purchases to customers who really can’t wait.

The planned service is restricted to loads of five pounds (2.3 kg) in small plastic containers slung beneath Amazon's custom-built "octocopter," so don’t expect Amazon to be dropping flat screen televisions on your doorstep by air. And with a maximum range of 10 miles (16 km) from one of Amazon's fulfilment centres, it will only service a somewhat limited customer base.

However, the biggest stumbling block is the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). Amazon hopes to get legal clearance for the service by 2015, but that could be a tad optimistic. In the wake of the 60 Minutes story, the FAA released a statement saying:

"So far, only a single commercial UAS operator has been approved to operate, and it is in the Arctic. UAS operators must abide by local, state and federal privacy laws. Over the next several years the FAA will establish regulations and standards for the safe integration of remote piloted UAS to meet increased demand. Autonomous UAS operation is not currently allowed in the United States."

5. Skyjack

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SkyJack was made from a Parrot AR.Drone 2.0 like the one pictured here

And finally, we have the clearest proof of the arrival of the drone age with the supervillain's quadcopter, Skyjack: a drone designed to hijack other drones and take control of them. Hacker Samy Kamkar took a Parrot AR.Drone 2.0, customized it with with a Raspberry Pi, a USB battery, and two wireless adapters, then uploaded his software into it. The result is a drone that seeks out the wireless command signals of other drones, overrides them, then turns them into “zombie drones” under the control of Skyjack’s pilot on the ground.

What the effect of Skyjack and its descendants will have on the drone future, only time will tell, but if you’re waiting for you Amazon delivery coming via AirMule launched from a submarine, only to see it veer off at the last minute to join a drone armada bent on world domination, you can’t say we didn’t see it coming.

[Source: Gizmag. Edited.]


11 WEIRDEST TECH STORIES OF 2013


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The Weirdest Tech Stories of 2013
By Chloe Albanesius,
PC Magazine, 28 December 2013.

On any given day, amidst the Apple rumours and reports of tech acquisitions, we are bound to see a few bizarre stories in our Twitter and RSS feeds or email inboxes. This year was no exception, as companies from Google to Dell served up news that made us chuckle or do a double take.

Some stories involved well-known personalities - from Jennifer Lopez signing on for a Latino-focused wireless carrier and Ashton Kutcher being named Lenovo's latest product engineer to Sen. John McCain complaining about having to update his iOS apps.

There were also a few eyebrow-raising fashion tech stories. Do you have US$15 million for a diamond-encrusted iPhone? Perhaps you can trade in your Members Only jacket for a Members Only iPhone case? And how about a bra that can help stop emotional eating or raise breast cancer awareness? And let's not forget about Google's "Talking Shoe" from SXSW, which sends witty messages to users and their friends based on your activity.

Soon, meanwhile, we won't ever have to leave our house - just 3D print your food, order Pizza Hut from your Xbox, or call in the Uber ice cream truck.

Those are just a few of the truly strange stories that crossed the wire this year; check out a few more below.

1. Google Calico

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There's enough information on the Internet for you to surf the Web until you can no longer click a mouse or tap a touch screen. But what if you could prolong your Internet time with the help of Google? It sounds bizarre, but Google in September announced Calico, a new company that will focus on health and well-being and tackle how technology can positively affect aging and associated diseases. The company is still in the early stages, but Arthur D. Levinson, chairman and former CEO of Genentech and chairman of Apple, will service as Calico's CEO and a founding investor. And the Calico cat at right will serve as a mascot. OK, we made that last bit up. But for more, check out How Google's Calico Can Win Us Over, One Genome at a Time.

2. Ungoogleable

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In March, a spat over the term "ungoogleable" prompted Swedish language officials to ditch the term from its list of new Swedish words. Google wanted the Swedish Language Council to specify that "ungoogleable" referred to something not available on Google, not search engines overall, and that Google is a registered trademark. The language council did not take too kindly to that request. "Google has wooed [the] Language Council to amend the definition of the word ogooglebar the new order list," the council said in a translated statement. "Today we instead delete the word and mark...our displeasure with Google's attempt to control the language."

3. Anti-Incest App

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A nationwide genealogy project that kicked off in 2010 spawned an Android app this year that lets users check to see if their new friend is actually their cousin. Strange, yes. But in Iceland - a country with just 320,000 residents - the likelihood that you are related to any given person is a bit higher than in the U.S., home to 300 million. The free ÍslendingaApp, now in the Google Play store, includes data on Icelandic residents dating back more than 1,200 years, so you can double check to make sure your date isn't a relative.

4. Sergey's Pink Tesla

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In April, a Tesla owner posted a photo of a Pepto Bismol-coloured Model S on the TeslaMotorsClub.com forums. "Rumour has it this is Sergey Brin's car, getting a touch-up for April fool's," the poster wrote. The photo showed a Tesla Model S with a Batman logo on the hood, silver eyelashes protruding from the headlights, flames on the side mirrors, zebra-striped seat covers, pink fuzzy dice on the rear-view mirror, the Chrome logo on the rims, and Batman wings coming off the back. Joke or not, Brin was later spotted driving the tricked-out electric car.

5. Pressure Cooker Search Monitoring?

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In August, the Internet was abuzz after a woman said in a personal blog post that law enforcement showed up at her house after family members searched online for pressure cookers and backpacks. Given that those were the items that were used to make the bombs that went off at the Boston Marathon, the story seemed to suggest that law enforcement officials were keeping tracking of Internet users' searches and flagging those that popped up suspicious terms. It turns out, the details of the case were a little more mundane. In a follow-up post, the woman said that she later found out that the Internet searches that prompted the investigation were conducted by her husband at his old job, on a company machine, and that his boss alerted the authorities.

6. Bieber in Space

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In June, pop star Justin Bieber announced that he (and his manager) will blast off on one of Richard Branson's Virgin Galactic spaceflights - a journey that costs US$250,000 per traveller. Not surprisingly, news of Bieber's space plans was met with some virtual eye-rolling on Twitter, with many users asking Branson to leave the teen singer in space, while others gave their Photoshop skills a workout (pictured). In other weird space news this year, Elon Musk isn't the only one who wants to die on Mars. The Mars One colony project launched its search for astronauts willing to take one-way trip to Mars.

7. Space Invader Galaxy

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In March, NASA published a photo showing a distant galaxy that bears an uncanny resemblance to an alien attacker from the classic arcade game Space Invaders. Alas, the alien-like object seen amidst the Abell 68 cluster of galaxies some 2 billion light years from Earth wasn't a Space Invader and didn't even look like one in reality, according to scientists. Captured by the Hubble Space Telescope, the image was actually the result of an effect called "gravitational lensing," which acts to create a distortion not unlike what we see when we look through a warped glass lens, according to astronomer Phil Plait.

8. Apple Facilitating Porn Use

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In July, a Tennessee man requested that Apple add a "safe mode" to its Internet-connected products that will prevent users from easily accessing pornography. According to Chris Sevier, who filed suit against Apple in a Tennessee district court, Cupertino supports "pornography online, explicit sexual content which has led to the proliferation of arousal addiction, sex trafficking, prostitution, and countless numbers of destroyed lives." The 50-page filing, however, was rambling, grammatically incorrect, and generally unhinged. Sevier is still pursuing the case, and the latest filing asked that the Apple case be combined with another case he filed - against A&E, President Obama, GLAAD, Hearst, and Disney over the Duck Dynasty controversy. In that case, Sevier claims that the reality show's star, Phil Robertson, "spoke out to limit a bad form of sex in the same way that I am speaking out to limit a bad form of sex in this case."

9. Dell PC Smells Like Cat Pee

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For several months, a number of Dell users complained of a mysterious cat urine-like smell coming from their Latitude 6430u ultrabook. But in a statement posted to the Dell forums in October, an employee identified as SteveB said that "Dell has determined that the smell is not at all related to cat urine or any biological contaminate."

10. Pee-Powered Battery Charger

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Dell was not the only pee-related tech story this year (unfortunately). In July, we learned of Dr. Ioannis Ieropoulos, an expert in harnessing power from unusual sources using microbial fuel cells (MFCs). He is now experimenting with a process that turns urine into a battery-charging mechanism.

While we're on this subject, meanwhile, the Inspiration Mars Foundation team in March said they were looking into combatting radiation from cosmic rays by having the two-person crew use their own faeces to help block the harmful rays.

11. Facebook Shock

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Are you addicted to Facebook? Robert Morris and Dan McDuff, doctoral candidates at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Media Lab, came up with a device called the "Pavlov Poke" to help out those who might otherwise find themselves spending far too much time on "email, social networking, or other online distractions." Those who spend too much time on the site could get a shock via an Arduino controller attached to the user's computer via USB.

[Source: PC Magazine. Edited.]


Monday, 30 December 2013

TOP 10 OBSCURE FACTS ABOUT AFRICA EVERYBODY NEEDS TO KNOW


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Top 10 Obscure Facts about Africa Everybody Needs to Know
By Hestie Gerber,
Toptenz, 30 December 2013.

Africa’s 19th richest man, Jim Ovia concluded in a recent interview that a man’s wealth means nothing - it’s what he does with it that is truly important. A walking paradox to many people’s notion of what an African is, Ovia is a sophisticated cosmopolitan, a polished and worldly gentleman. The sadly-surprising subject of African billionaires shines light on how there are a multitude of other misrepresented facts on Africa that needs sharing as well. Some of the most sensitive topics regarding Africa and her history have been unnaturally twisted to suit the propaganda and ramblings of Afrocentrics, shady politicians, and complete racists. The fact of the matter is that…

10. Africa is NOT Poor

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We all know that Africa has her fair share of problems, such as an obvious lack of infrastructure, high amount of refugees, high illiteracy rate, corruption, disease, and horrendous famines. Africa’s issues have led to overall low standards of living, life expectancy, and human development.

The truth however, is that while many African people are indeed poor, the African continent in itself is exceptionally rich. It’s rich in resources, fertile land, fresh water, minerals, oil - you name it. In fact, certain African countries are some of the highest mineral and metal exporters in the world, and a few nations have even formed trade blocks to promote their exports. From cars, electronics and jewellery to electricity and oil, Africa’s natural resources literally make the world go round.

9. The Apartheid Struggle Wasn’t Exclusively Black vs. White

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Apartheid was the racial segregation system enforced through legislation by South Africa’s then-ruling National Party from 1948 to 1990. While many are under the impression that apartheid was only fought by black people, the fact is that there were thousands of white anti-apartheid activists. The era even saw the birth of various peaceful and radical resistance movements, such as the Black Sash, End Conscription Campaign, the National Union of South African Students and the African Resistance Movement - all spearheaded by white people. While some sadly planted bombs to get their message across, most of these movements held protests, vigils, plotted strategy, and ran offices throughout the country where support, advice and direct (illegal) assistance were given to black people.

8. Africa has a Ton of Forgotten History

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Many believe that Africa has no history apart from being colonized, plundered, and pilfered. The reality could not be further from the truth. Apart from the magnificent ancient Egyptian monuments in the north, Africa’s other historic sites are just as spectacular and even mysterious, as the ruins oftentimes only yield clues as to its true splendour.

The Great Zimbabwe Ruins are the largest stone ruins in Sub-Saharan Africa. A designated World Heritage site, its towers and structures were built out of millions of rocks, all perfectly balanced on top of each other. Thriving in the 11th century, the rock dwellings spread over 200 square miles. To the West, you have Timbuktu which, by the 12th century, already had three universities teaching more than 25,000 students, libraries, and an infrastructure that would put modern engineers to shame. Fes, Morocco’s 3rd largest city, has existed since 808 AD, and has been called the “Athens of Africa.” The madrasa Al-Qarawiyyin is, in fact, the world’s oldest running educational facility. And do not forget the outstanding rock-hewn churches of Lalibela in East Africa’s Ethiopia, in use since the 12th century. As you can see, the real Africa is rich with history, diversity and culture.

7. Africa has Some of the Most Impressive Greek and Roman Ruins Out There

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The ancient Greeks and Romans were the first Europeans to explore Africa, with Phoenician traders founding Carthage around 800 BC, and Alexander the Great founding Alexandria in 331 BC. As Rome continued its expansion and occupation of North Africa’s coastline, the whole area was eventually unified into the Roman system.

But among the most impressive ancient Greek and Roman ruins in the world are the ancient cities of Cyrene and Leptis Magna in Libya, Africa, both UNESCO World Heritage Sites. The great city of Cyrene was founded in 631 BC by Greek colonists. Impressive even by modern standards, it had various temples (including the Temple of Apollo and the Temple to Zeus,) altars, fountains, theatres, and an extensive necropolis featuring rock-hewn tombs that lined the roads leading out of the city. Meanwhile, the ancient city of Leptis Magna is the epitome of Roman Severan urban planning. At its pinnacle, the city’s buildings and immense wealth made it the third-most important city in Africa. The unspoiled ruins include the city’s marketplace, amphitheatre, arches, forum, and the spectacular Severan Basilica.

6. The Blood Diamond Trade Doesn’t Just kill Africans

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Thanks to Leonardo DiCaprio, many people in the world are aware of the blood diamond trade of 2006. For those still unsure of what it means - blood diamonds normally come from war-zones or conflict areas in Africa where they are mined (often through forced labour) and sold to finance terrorism, or to further the objectives of insurgents and warlords. The miners, which include women and children, are essentially used as slaves and suffer every imaginable form of inhuman and degrading cruelty - including bodily mutilations or being hacked to death. When one looks at the horrific statistics, the term becomes painfully clear. Almost 3.8 million deaths can be attributed to diamond-fuelled civil wars - eight times more than all the soldiers who died in the US military over the past 70 years.

And if you thought the trade only had African victims, think again. A UN-backed court found that Al Qaeda is spending their terror funds on untraceable illegal diamonds, and have been using the blood diamond trade to finance many of their operations since 1998.

5. Africa Does Not Belong to the “Black” Race

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The complex history of human migration in Africa goes back thousands of years. We know that modern humans started leaving Africa roughly 70,000 years ago. But at least two populations migrated back around 45,000 years ago. These people became the forefathers of the Berber people, an ethnic group indigenous to North Africa. After the Arab invasions, the Islamic influence spread through almost every aspect of Berber society, to the extent that many people nowadays regard the Berbers as Arabian instead of African, despite the persecution and oppression they have had to endure.

The major differences between North and Sub-Saharan Africa’s linguistic, religious, and cultural development are the result of the barrier created by the Sahara Desert. In South Africa, the indigenous Khoisan or Bushmen are also physically distinct from other African tribes, as are the Pygmies from Central Africa. The vast majority of tribes throughout Sub-Saharan Africa’s ancestors actually migrated from West Africa in what historians call the “Bantu Migrations.”

4. There were Brutal Indigenous African Wars

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There is a widespread Utopian belief that African societies lived in fulfilled and perfect harmony, without wars and oppression and with limited desires, until the European invasions started in the 15th century. This mythical archetype has led to a major socialist ideology on the continent that continues to blind its leaders and cripple its economies to this day.

But truth be told, Africa’s military history is one of the oldest in the world. Each and every region in Africa had their ages of great empires. To the West, the Ghana Empire, Mali Empire, and the Kénédougou Kingdom all rose and fell. To the East, the Axumite Empire, Zagwe Dynasty, and Solomonic Dynasty were all involved in wars that saw them conquer and fall. North Africa saw the Egyptians dominate the land of Kush. In the South, the migrating Bantu-speaking tribes arrived from the Great Lakes area and displaced the Khoisan around the 5th century. The great Kingdom of Mutapa’s capital was established after the local Tavara was annihilated, and the San were brutally uprooted by the multitude of Nguni clans, which were ultimately forcibly united by Shaka Zulu.

3. Decolonization Played a Depressing role in Africa’s Modern Issues

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From the 15th century on, Portugal, Spain, Great Britain, France, Italy, and Germany all laid claim to certain parts of the continent - during the Berlin Conference of 1884, Africa was officially and fully divided between the colonial powers. From the 1950’s to the 1970’s, African countries regained their independence, and African rulers shaped their country’s by either working with or against the European powers.

Unfortunately, the 70 years of official colonization (plus the hundreds of unofficial years beforehand) completely changed the political, economical, and social structures of the African societies. National borders and territorial boundaries, as decided by the European powers, were left in place. This led to various turf-wars and ethnic conflicts. Weak administration of resources, misrule, patrimonialism, and a general lack of education crippled economic development, while Africa’s integration into the global economy saw prices of exports in essence decided by the West. In many instances, foreign aid was only provided once leaders agreed to changes that would benefit those giving aid; even today, the aid oftentimes only serves to fuel civil wars.

2. The African Slave Trade was More Extensive Than We were Taught

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Slavery in Africa has existed for hundreds of years. Historically, slaves were mostly treated as servants, and not as belongings. It also took many forms that do not necessarily fit in with our modern notion of slavery. For example, people could become slaves to repay a debt or pay for a criminal offense.

The well-known Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade flourished from the 15th to the 19th century and took about 12 million slaves from Africa. Surprisingly, according to official records, Great Britain received more than 3 million slaves, whereas the US only got 305,326. However, more than one slave trade blossomed during Africa’s history. The Arab Slave Trade moved over 17 million slaves via the trans-Saharan and Indian Ocean routes to the East, for example.

And yes, it is a fact that quite a few West African empires thrived on the slave trade. The Oyo Empire (Yoruba), Asanti kingdom, and the kingdom of Dahomey were all actively involved in procuring and selling slaves. In fact, their economies became so dependent upon the trade that their kingdoms ultimately collapsed after the abolition.

The true kicker here is that there was also a Barbary Slave Trade, flourishing between the 16th and 19th century. During the Barbary raids, more than 1.25 million Europeans were kidnapped from Italy, France, Spain, England, and even Iceland, and sold as slaves in North Africa. These European slaves had no hope of buying back their freedom like the Africans taken to America, and instead died as slaves, oftentimes from disease, abuse and starvation.

1. We Really ARE All Africans

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When it comes to the origin of modern man, scholars agree to disagree. The two main theories are called the “Out-of-Africa” and “Multiregional” models. According to the Out of Africa Theory, modern humans evolved solely in Africa and migrated to the rest of the world, replacing the Neanderthals and other earlier human species about 70,000 years ago. The Multiregional Theory contends that the pre-modern Homo erectus left Africa almost 2 million years ago, and that all modern humans slowly evolved in separate regions all over the world.

Apart from the archaeological and anatomical evidence that supports the Out of Africa Theory, the past two decades saw remarkable growth in our abilities to study and analyze DNA. The Genographic Project, launched in 2005, mapped modern man’s migration from Africa by collecting DNA samples from thousands of individuals all over the world. Their findings were remarkable. Apart from confirming that modern man indeed evolved in Africa, they also found that the amount of our genetic variations are so low that all modern humans probably came from as little as 10,000 to 40,000 ancestors. In fact, by studying the Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA of several individuals (from the Bushmen to the Yakut in Siberia,) scientists now know that we all probably share two common ancestors - a male ancestor from Africa that lived around 140,000 years ago and a female ancestor from Africa that lived about 120,000 years ago.

[Note from this blogger: As anyone familiar with this subject knows, the “Out of Africa” and “Multiregional” theories have been refuted and still remain contentious. For example, see:


Readers can find more information via Google search.]

Top image via Conscious Life News

[Source: Toptenz. Edited. Top image and end Note added.]