7 SHIPS OF THE NEW SPACE AGE

The 7 Ships of the New Space Age
By Jeff Wise, Popular Mechanics, 30 December 2013.

American engineers are designing and testing more new manned spacecraft than at any other time in history. Here are 7 vehicles that will change how we work and play in space.

1. Lynx

Type: Self-launched space plane
Who: XCOR Aerospace
Launching: 2014
Destination: Suborbital
The Odds: Good

Space is defined by a somewhat arbitrary number - climb above an altitude of 62 miles, the so-called Kármán Line, and an aircraft becomes a spacecraft. There the atmosphere is so thin that, for most scientific purposes, it's a vacuum. Because a so-called suborbital space flight to this altitude requires much less energy than an orbital launch - about one twenty-fifth as much - many private space companies are devising ways to get science experiments and wealthy tourists there. XCOR Aerospace of Mojave, California, believes it can offer the cheapest trip. It is already selling US$95,000 tickets on a 30-foot space plane called the Lynx. "You're sitting in the cockpit," says XCOR chief operating officer Andrew Nelson, turning the spacecraft's small size and two-passenger maximum into selling points. "It's going to be a real astronaut experience." Unlike capsules and other space planes, the Lynx does not need to ride another rocket to get into space. Instead, the Lynx will fire its four custom-made kerosene and liquid-oxygen rocket engines to take off horizontally from a runway, as a plane does, and then climb steeply on its way to space. The first test flight may take place within months.

HOW IT WORKS

Take-off: The space plane speeds along a runway under the power of four rocket engines.
Ascent: The Lynx reaches Mach 2.9 as it speeds straight upward.
Apogee: The engines cut out about 3 minutes after take-off. The craft follows a parabolic trajectory in suborbital space.
Re-entry: Thermal insulation on the nose and leading edges of the wings protect the craft from the heat of re-entry.
Landing: The space plane sheds speed by circling in a downward corkscrew. The wing area is sized for landing at moderate speeds, near 110 knots - a little slower than that of an airliner during a landing.
Fly Again: Lynx's creators say the space plane will be able to make four flights a day.

2. New Shepard

Type: Manned capsule
Who: Blue Origin/Jeff Bezos
Launching: Unknown
Destination: Suborbital
The Odds: Good

Visionary billionaire Jeff Bezos, the 49-year-old founder of Amazon.com, has spent more than a decade on a secret project to conquer space. Bezos poured millions of his US$25 billion fortune into a venture called Blue Origin, operating out of an experimental launch site he created (with FAA approval) in a remote corner of West Texas. In 2011 the company released footage of a lozenge-shaped preliminary test vehicle, New Shepard, taking off vertically, hovering at an altitude of 548 feet, and then setting gently down. A booster with the ability to land under its own rocket power after separating from a capsule would trim the high cost of retrieving it from the ocean after a splashdown.

A TWO-PART VEHICLE

The propulsion module propels the entire spacecraft off the launch pad. The pressurized crew capsule detaches and heads into space. The propulsion module's main engine powers a vertical landing near the launch site. The capsule returns to Earth under a parachute.

Internet entrepreneur Jeff Bezos kept the existence of his spaceflight company a secret for three years after he founded it in 2000. The company flies experimental vehicles, such as this flight-test capsule, at its private West Texas spaceport.

3. SpaceShipTwo

Type: Air-launched space plane
Who: Virgin Galactic/Richard Branson
Launching: 2014
Destination: Suborbital
The Odds: Very good

The golden age of aviation between World Wars I and II, radical airplane design was inspired by high-dollar challenges. In 1927 Charles Lindbergh crossed the Atlantic to win the US$25,000 Orteig Prize. The modern equivalent, the Ansari X Prize, helped create what will likely become the first operating space tourism venture, Virgin Galactic. In 2004 a single-seat craft called SpaceShipOne launched from an airplane, breached the Kármán Line, repeated the feat within two weeks, and won the US$10 million prize. The hardware, built by famed designer Burt Rutan in collaboration with Virgin Group mogul Richard Branson, laid the groundwork for a business to take customers along for the ride. The new version will carry up to six tourists and two pilots on a two-part journey to space. First the 60-foot-long, 140-foot-wingspan craft's mothership, WhiteKnightTwo, will haul SpaceShipTwo to an altitude of 50,000 feet. Then the rocket ship will detach, fire its engine, and zoom spaceward. At an altitude of 68 miles, the curvature of the Earth and the serene glow of the atmosphere will be visible against the blackness of the cosmos. The US$250,000 ticket will grant riders only about 4 minutes of weightlessness. More than 600 customers, including Justin Bieber, Ashton Kutcher, and Leonardo DiCaprio, have signed up for the trip. "I believe over the next few decades, we will take hundreds of thousands of people to space," Branson tells PM via email. "My vision for Virgin Galactic is to make affordable manned access to space a reality."

4. Orion

Type: Interstellar manned stretch capsule
Who: NASA/U.S. Congress
Launching: 2021–2025
Destination: Asteroid, Mars
The Odds: Even

NASA is outsourcing trips to Earth's orbit, but the agency still has eyes on deep space and plans to use the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle to get there. Orion will consist of a capsule mated to a module that provides propulsion and pressurized living quarters. The capsule's first test flight will take place in 2014: It will be carried into space on a 235-foot Delta IV rocket, re-enter the atmosphere, and splash down in the Pacific. Orion may get a new ride for its actual missions. Work is under way at NASA facilities in Huntsville, Alabama, on the Space Launch System, a 321-foot-tall rocket. Such a heavy lifter will come in handy when (or if) NASA astronauts head to the moon, an asteroid, or beyond. "More and more," says Dan Dumbacher, director of NASA's Exploration Systems Development office, "we're talking about Mars as our ultimate goal." The vision may be too ambitious, critics say. The launch system is so huge that NASA envisages using it only every two years, at US$6 billion a pop.

BOOTS ON AN ASTEROID

NASA is considering sending astronauts in an Orion spacecraft to the surface of a near-Earth asteroid in 2025. The journey to asteroid 1999 AO10 described here would take five months.

The Launch: The Orion, with a crew of four, launches from Cape Canaveral, Florida.
The Flyby: After about five days of flight, Orion slingshots around the moon, using its gravity to catch 1999 AO10.
The Rendezvous: Two months after lift-off, the crew reaches the asteroid. They spend two weeks on the surface but cannot land because the space rock has so little gravity. Instead, they secure the vessel to the surface and conduct space walks to take samples.
The Return: Since 1999 AO10 is approaching Earth, the trip home will be slightly shorter. Once in Earth's orbit, the spacecraft's capsule will detach and splash down in the ocean.

5. Dragon

Type: Manned capsule
Who: Space Exploration Technologies/Elon Musk
Launching: 2015
Destination: Orbit (International Space Station)
The Odds: Very Good

Sceptics heaped doubt on Elon Musk in 2002 when he founded Space Exploration Technologies, or SpaceX. But by 2010 his scrappy start-up became the first to replicate what only government had achieved when an unmanned Dragon capsule rode a Falcon 9 rocket into orbit, then descended via parachute, and was recovered from the Pacific. The next step on Musk's conquest of space: upgrading the reusable Dragon into a human-rated craft called DragonRider that can carry crew to the ISS. Using innovative design and operations, SpaceX says human flight will cost only US$20 million per seat; the U.S. currently pays about US$63 million per passenger on the Russian Soyuz. It takes an iconoclastic billionaire to form a spaceflight company. "The demand for human space transportation is uncertain and the penalties for failure are immense," says Scott Pace, director of George Washington University's Space Policy Institute.

A Dragon capsule (above) attached to the International Space Station in 2012. The station's arm stands by to grip the capsule when it detaches for a return trip to Earth.

DRAGON TO DRAGONRIDER

Engineers are transforming the unmanned Dragon capsule into the DragonRider spacecraft.

Larger Windows: Astronauts will monitor from windows as they dock to the space station. Riders of future versions landing with rockets need more visibility.
More Thrusters: In an emergency 18 SuperDraco thrusters on the capsule's sides could carry a crew into orbit with 120,000 pounds of axial thrust.
Improved Interior: The capsule will be outfitted for a crew of seven. Since the unmanned version is pressurized, the capsule is easy to reconfigure for humans.

6. Dream Chaser

Type: Rocket-launched space plane
Who: Sierra Nevada Space Systems
Launching: 2017
Destination: Earth orbit
The Odds: Good

Space planes have advantages. Instead of passively plummeting through the atmosphere like a capsule, they can manoeuvre, change their landing destination mid-flight, and be reused after a short turnaround. But two U.S. space shuttle disasters suggest that space planes are not ideal for orbital missions. By carrying cargo and crew in the same vehicle, the shuttle required that everything be carried aloft on expensive, human-rated equipment. Also, tacking the shuttle alongside its boosters and fuel tank allowed for the kind of debris strike that doomed Columbia. But Sierra Nevada Space Systems is betting it can redeem the reputation of the orbital space plane with the Dream Chaser, a winged crew-delivery vehicle that's competing for NASA contracts to deliver people to the ISS. Dream Chaser will avoid the shuttle's main flaws by carrying crew separately from cargo and by launching atop an Atlas V rocket. But it will retain its advantages, including a maximum deceleration on re-entry of only 2 g's—1 g less than what a capsule experiences. The spacecraft also has flexibility as to where it can land. "Anywhere a 737 can land, Dream Chaser can too," says Mark Sirangelo, vice president of Sierra Nevada. Suborbital test flights are slated for 2015, with launches to orbit two years later.

RIDE INSIDE

Up to seven passengers can ride Dream Chaser into space. The spacecraft hitches into orbit on the tip of a rocket, detaches, and is designed to back in to the docking station of the space station. Dream Chaser has not yet flown, but engineers towed the craft for runway evaluations and dropped it from helicopters for glide tests.

7. Inspiration Mars

Type: Interplanetary transport
Who: Inspiration Mars Foundation/Dennis Tito
Launching: 2018
Destination: Mars
The Odds: Long

The red-brown martian landscape slowly rolls beneath the cupola windows as you peer down. Then you turn and look at the woman floating next to you. You and your wife are on the most far-out honeymoon of all time. This is the vision of the Inspiration Mars Foundation, headed by former NASA engineer, investment guru, and pioneering space tourist Dennis Tito. (In 2001 he spent around US$20 million for eight days aboard the ISS.) Tito's group aims to take advantage of a planetary alignment in 2018 that occurs every 15 years. It will allow a spacecraft to travel from Earth to Mars and back on a free-return trajectory - that is, without burning any propellant. Inspiration Mars will start accepting applications next year for a 501-day mission that will swing within 100 miles of the Martian surface. The group is planning to select a married couple, perhaps newly-weds, in the interest of psychological compatibility. "Inspiration Mars estimates it needs to raise US$1 billion to US$2 billion. We're laying the groundwork to do things that were once considered inconceivable, like go to other planets," says Teal Group's Marco Caceres.

If circling Mars doesn't sound sufficiently ambitious, consider Mars One, a Dutch non-profit that aims to land four volunteers on Mars in 2023 - and leave them there. As part of the proposed US$6 billion program, Mars One will dispatch robotic missions to pave the way, the first departing in 2016. So far, 200,000 applicants have signed up for the 2023 trip. Would-be colonists from more than 140 countries registered; Americans make up the biggest contingent, at 24 percent.

Spaceports on the Rise

Here are updates from some of America's prominent spaceports.

1. Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport: This state-run operation is based at the NASA launch facility on Wallops Island, Va. In September Orbital Sciences Corp. launched its Cygnus capsule to the International Space Station, establishing the spaceport as a centre of private space operations.

2. Spaceport America: In New Mexico a 12,000-foot runway is open, and freshly recruited runway fire crews arrived this year at the first facility built solely to support private space operations. The New Mexico site is the headquarters for Virgin Galactic, which hopes to begin ferrying space tourists next year.

3. Kennedy Space Centre: This famed NASA spaceport in Florida is now hosting private companies. SpaceX and Blue Origin are clashing over a launchpad that was once used by NASA's most powerful rockets. NASA is keeping a nearby launchpad ready for its proposed heavy lifter, the Space Launch System.

Related Links:

1. Space Company Stratolaunch To Blast Rockets From Huge New Aircraft

2. 3D Printers to Build NASA's Spare Parts & Rocket Engines

3. The Early Adopter's Guide to Space Travel

4. Orbital Sciences' Cygnus Berths with Space Station

5. SpaceX Satellite Launch Rewrites the Rules

6. 3D Printing is Headed to Space

7. The 50 Greatest Sci-Fi TV Shows Ever

8. 2010: A Momentous Year for Commercial Spaceflight

9. Musk: SpaceX Now Has “All the Pieces” For Truly Reusable Rockets

10. SpaceX President Gwynne Shotwell: The Case for Commercial Rockets

[Source: Popular Mechanics. Edited. Some links added.]