UNBELIEVABLE IMAGES OF SPACE FROM HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE

Amazing Hubble Images
By National Geographic, 20 March 2012.

1. Jupiter’s Moon Io

Photograph courtesy John Spencer (Lowell Observatory) and NASA

In 1999, to commemorate the ninth anniversary since its launch, the Hubble Space Telescope took this dramatic snapshot of Jupiter’s moon Io and its shadow sweeping across the gas giant’s turbulent atmosphere. About the size of Earth’s moon, Io is the most volcanic body in the solar system and orbits 500,000 kilometres above the planet’s cloud tops. Rovio takes its popular game to the final frontier with Angry Birds Space, launching March 22, in partnership with National Geographic Books and NASA.

2. Cat’s-Eye Nebula

Photograph courtesy J.P. Harrington and K.J. Borkowski (University of Maryland), and NASA

This 1995 portrait of the Cat’s-Eye Nebula in the Draco constellation is considered one of the most iconic photos taken by the Hubble Space Telescope. Also known as NGC 6543, it is a classic planetary nebula that glows by the high-energy emissions thrown off by the star seen at the centre of the gas cloud. This false colour image shows off the intricate bubbles and twisted features within the 0.2-light-year-wide expanding shell of gas blasted out by a dying sun 3,000 light-years away.

3. A "Rose" Made of Galaxies

Photograph courtesy NASA, ESA, and the Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA)

Looking more like a delicate flower on a stem, a pair of interacting galaxies known as Arp 273 lie 300 million light-years away in the northern constellation Andromeda. Despite its tranquil appearance, the larger spiral galaxy at the top of this 2011 Hubble image is in the process of being gravitationally ripped apart by its smaller companion galaxy. Connecting the two galaxies is a threadlike stream of stars stretching tens of thousands of light-years.

4. Carina Nebula

Photograph courtesy NASA, ESA, and M. Livio and the Hubble 20th Anniversary Team (STScI)

This craggy fantasy mountaintop enshrouded by wispy clouds looks like a bizarre landscape from J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings or a Dr. Seuss book, depending on your imagination. The NASA Hubble Space Telescope image, which is even more dramatic than fiction, captures the chaotic activity atop a three-light-year-tall pillar of gas and dust that is being eaten away by the brilliant light from nearby bright stars. The pillar is also being assaulted from within, as infant stars buried inside it fire off jets of gas that can be seen streaming from towering peaks. This turbulent cosmic pinnacle lies within a tempestuous stellar nursery called the Carina Nebula, located 7,500 light-years away in the southern constellation Carina. The image celebrates the 20th anniversary of Hubble's launch and deployment into an orbit around Earth.

5. Cat's-Eye Nebula

Photograph courtesy NASA, ESA, HEIC, and The Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA)

In 2004 Hubble revisited the psychedelic gas bubble known as the Cat’s-Eye Nebula, revealing at least 11 previously unknown concentric rings and knots of glowing gas blown out into space by a dying sun like star. This new high-resolution image revealed to astronomers that shells of stellar material are expelled in 1500-year intervals, creating a cosmic structure similar to layers of onion skin.

6. Red Supergiant Star

Photograph courtesy NASA, ESA and H.E. Bond (STScI)

Located 20,000 light-years away at the edge of the Milky Way galaxy, this red star - complete with dusty cloak - caught the eye of Hubble in 2002 and again in 2005 in the above image, revealing dramatic changes in the illumination of the surrounding cloud. V838 Monocerotis is a red super-giant star that mysteriously produces multiple flashes of light over time, like a flashbulb, illuminating different layers of the surrounding gas and dust. This phenomenon, known as a light echo, was first seen by Hubble and may represent a previously unknown unstable phase in aging stars many times the mass of our sun.

7. Jupiter's Moon Ganymede

Photograph courtesy NASA, ESA, and E. Karkoschka (University of Arizona)

As if playing a cosmic game of peekaboo, Jupiter’s largest moon, Ganymede, is caught by Hubble’s camera in 2007 just before it slips behind the planet. Images like these help astronomers study the gas giant’s upper atmosphere. Reflected sunlight off the surface of the disappearing moon has to pass through Jupiter's upper cloud deck and atmospheric haze before reaching Hubble detectors, imprinting on the light the chemical fingerprints of the gas giant's atmosphere.

8. Cone Nebula

Photograph courtesy NASA, H. Ford (JHU), G. Illingworth (USCS/LO), M. Clampin (STScI), G. Hartig (STScI), and the ACS Science Team

Looking like a mythical beast rearing its ugly head from a red sea in this famous 2002 Hubble photo, the Cone Nebula is actually a gigantic star-forming region 2,500 light-years away. While the entire nebula extends out to seven light-years across, the above image centres only on the 2.5-light-year-long, cone-shaped pillar of gas that dominates the gas cloud. Intense ultraviolet radiation emitted by new-born stars hidden within the nebula give rise to the eerie red glowing halo seen surrounding the cone structure.

9. Rare Galaxy Alignment

Photograph courtesy NASA and The Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA)

In 2000, Hubble captured a rare alignment of two galaxies, known collectively as NGC 3314. Two large spiral galaxies sitting 130 million light-years away appear to be lined up one behind the other, offering astronomers an opportunity to pick out dark dusty lanes in the foreground galaxy, which is silhouetted on top of the more distant background galaxy.

10. Hubble Telescope's Cosmic Eskimo

Image courtesy NASA

Resembling a human head in a parka, this shot of the Eskimo Nebula is one of Hubble's most iconic photos. The colourful gas cloud 5,000 light-years away represents the remnants of a sun like star exploding 10,000 years ago. The outer region of this planetary nebula contains a radiating pattern of orange-coloured gaseous filaments stretching more than a light-year out: however, astronomers still can't explain how exactly they formed.

11. Mars Polar Cap

Photograph courtesy NASA

Located above the blurring effect of Earth's atmosphere, the Hubble Space Telescope has been able to get some of the sharpest views of neighbouring planet Mars. This 1999 portrait, captured by the telescope when the red planet was on a close approach to Earth, shows surface features as small as 12 miles across. Highlights of this image include an icy north polar cap flanked on the left by a giant storm composed of ice water clouds, and, just below the cap, a dark region made of sand dunes formed of ancient, pulverized volcanic rocks.

12. Rebel Angel

Image courtesy ESA/NASA

A cosmic angel seems to spread its shimmering wings in a newly released Hubble Space Telescope picture of the star-forming region called Sh 2-106. The cloud of dust and gas is being shaped by a young star called S106 IR. On the cusp of adulthood, the growing star is "rebelling" against its parent cloud, ejecting material at high speeds and creating glowing lobes of hot, turbulent hydrogen gas.

13. Hubble Bubble

Image courtesy ESA/NASA

Like a ghostly bubble hanging in space, SNR 0509-67.5 is the last gasp of a massive star snuffed out in a titanic explosion 400 years ago. In 2012, Hubble spied this 23-light-year-wide supernova blast wave expanding at speeds of 11 million miles per hour. It is located in a Milky Way satellite galaxy called the Large Magellanic Cloud, about 170,000 light-years from Earth.

14. Neptune

Photograph courtesy NASA, ESA, E. Karkoschka (University of Arizona), and H.B. Hammel (Space Science Institute, Boulder, Colorado)

Even after more than 200 years of observations through telescopes, Neptune remains a planet shrouded in mystery. Nearly three billion kilometres away from the blue-green gas giant, Hubble's keen digital eye has been able to resolve atmospheric detail in Neptune's upper atmosphere. Surrounded by a retinue of moons, high-altitude clouds composed of methane ice crystals near the northern polar region are revealed in this 2005 image.

15. Ursa Major Spiral Galaxy

Photograph courtesy NASA and the Hubble Heritage (STScI/AURA)-ESA/Hubble Collaboration

Tucked away within the northern constellation of Ursa Major is this 46 million light-year distant galaxy that astronomers believe may be a Milky Way look-alike. Hubble snapped this image of the spiral galaxy NGC 2841 in 2010, showing off its sweeping arms filled with dust lanes and star-forming clouds.

16. Eye-Shaped Planetary Nebula

Photograph courtesy Bruce Balick, Jason Alexander, Arsen Hajian, Yervant Terzian, Mario Perinotto, Patrizio Patriarchi, and NASA

This eye-like appearance is marred by two sets of blood-red "fliers" that lie horizontally across the image. The surrounding faint green "white" of the eye is believed to be gas that made up almost half of the star's mass for most of its life. The hot remnant star (in the centre of the green oval) drives a fast wind into older material, forming a hot interior bubble that pushes the older gas ahead of it to form a bright rim. (The star is one of the brightest stars in any planetary nebula.) NGC 6826 is 2,200 light-years away in the constellation Cygnus.

17. Crab Nebula

Photograph courtesy NASA, ESA, J. Hester and A. Loll (Arizona State University)

Considered the most detailed image ever taken of the famous Crab Nebula, this Hubble portrait shows off countless wispy, branchlike filaments of hydrogen gas throughout the supernova explosion remnant. The electric-blue colouring of the interior of the cloud is the naked core of the dead star at the heart of the Crab Nebula. Ancient Chinese astronomers witnessed the supernova explosion that gave birth to the nebula in A.D. 1054; records indicate there was a new bright star visible in the sky for two weeks.

18. Cassiopeia A

Photograph courtesy NASA and The Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA)

Hubble snapped this 2002 image of what looks like Fourth of July fireworks but is in fact the remnants of a titanic stellar explosion expanding out into space. Considered the youngest supernova in the entire galaxy, gaseous streamers of purple, green, and yellow highlight Cassiopeia A 10,000 light-years away.

19. Reflection Nebula

Photograph courtesy NASA, ESA, and H. Bond (STScI)

The shadowy form at the centre of this snapshot from Hubble is an actual hole within a thick cloud of gas and dust 1,500 light-years away in the winter constellation Orion. Like a streetlamp lighting up surrounding fog, the reflection nebula NGC 199 shines only because of the hot, young star off to the left of the dark hole.

20. A Pinwheel-Shaped Galaxy

Photograph courtesy NASA, ESA, The Hubble Heritage Team, (STScI/AURA) and A. Riess (STScI)

With spiral arms dominated by young blue stars and a core filled with an older yellow star population, this 100 million light-year distant galaxy takes centre stage in this dramatic 2006 photo by the Hubble Space Telescope. Spanning only 30,000 light-years across, NGC 1309 is a compact spiral only one-third the size of our Milky Way. Meanwhile dozens of much more distant galaxies can be seen peppering the background of this image.

21. Colliding Galaxies Stream Stars and Gas

Photograph courtesy NASA, H. Ford (JHU), G. Illingworth (UCSC/LO), M.Clampin (STScI), G. Hartig (STScI), the ACS Science Team, and ESA

Astronomers believe this Hubble photograph offers a preview of what is in store for our Milky Way and Andromeda galaxies billions of years from now. Known affectionately as "the mice" because of their long, rodent-like tails of stars and dust, the two galaxies, known collectively as NGC 4676, are seen colliding into each other 300 million light years away. Astronomers using supercomputer models show that the two galaxies will eventually merge into one galaxy some 400 million years from now.

22. Red Rectangle Nebula

Photograph courtesy NASA; ESA; Hans Van Winckel (Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium); and Martin Cohen (University of California, Berkeley)

Ground-based telescopes make the nebula pictured here look rectangular in shape, hence its name: the Red Rectangle. But images taken by the Hubble Space Telescope revealed that it should more accurately be called the "Red X" Nebula. The nebula's unique shape comes from gas and dust emitted in cone-shaped bursts from the dying star at its centre. This star, which began shedding its outer layers about 14,000 years ago, will slowly become smaller and hotter and begin to release a flood of ultraviolet light.

23. Quadruple Saturn Moon

Photograph courtesy NASA, ESA, and the Hubble Heritage Tea

The lord of the rings, Planet Saturn, along with several of its moons, poses for a Hubble close-up in this 2009 portrait. Taken in 2009 when the gas giant was 775 million miles from Earth, this image shows details as small as 190 miles across. The large, orange disk is Saturn's moon Titan, which is larger than planet Mercury. Closer to the rings, a parade of three smaller moons are also visible: from left to right, Enceladus and Dione - including their dark shadows cast on Saturn's cloud tops - and Mimas, just off the planet's right side.

24. Light Echo

Photograph courtesy NASA, ESA, and H. Bond (STScI)

This view is of an unusual phenomenon in space called light echo. Light from a star that erupted nearly five years ago continues propagating outward through a cloud of dust surrounding the star. The light reflects, or echoes, off the dust, then travels to Earth.

25. Stars in Scorpius

Image courtesy NASA

The star cluster Prismis 24 hangs above the monstrous emission nebula NGC 6357, seen here in this 2006 image taken by the Hubble Space Telescope. Located 8,000 light years from Earth in the constellation Scorpius, blazing stars some hundred times more massive than our Sun lie buried within the nebula and are heating up the gas surrounding the cluster, creating the cavernous bubble visible at the bottom of the image.

[Source: National Geographic. Edited. Top image added.]