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Saturday 23 February 2013

7 MOST AMAZING MEDICAL BREAKTHROUGHS


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Most Amazing Medical Breakthroughs
By Sheila M. Eldred,
Discovery News, 19 February 2013.

Better Living Through Technology

Recent medical innovations seem so futuristic that some would call them miracles. From paralyzed patients controlling robotic arms to researchers who grow new body parts, the medical world is fast changing. In the past five years, the number of new inventions in medical information technology has tripled, according to Chris Coburn, executive director of Cleveland Clinic Innovations.

What’s next on the horizon? New technologies could broaden the definition of traditional medical settings.

“Some can be delivered in the home, at work, or in the mall,” Coburn said.

1. Mind Over Paralysis

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Cathy Hutchinson, paralyzed for 15 years, took a sip of a cinnamon latte for the first time without help last year. A team from BrainGate had implanted a sensor in her brain in 2005, and spent the next several years fine-tuning it until she was able to move a robotic arm by thinking about it.

The BrainGate sensor taps into the flurry of brain activity, recording electrical signals that can be translated into movement commands.

The team is working on making the system wireless, and eventually, scientists think the device will be able to control a person’s own muscles, not just external devices. [More here and here] [BrainGate official page]

2. Doctors Save Baby By 'Freezing' Him

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When Edward Ives was born in August 2012, his heart beat over 300 times a minute. Doctors diagnosed him with supraventricular tachycardia, and sent him to University College London Hospital for a novel treatment: doctors wrapped him in cold gel to drop his body temperature from 98.6F to 91.1F. The cold slowed his metabolism, and a defibrillator helped slow his heart rate. After four days, doctors started raising his temperature: one degree Celsius per day. "As soon as his heart started beating normally everything began to improve," his mother, Claire Ives, told The Telegraph. "He'd been really puffy because his kidneys weren't working, but all of a sudden he looked like a normal baby again." Now he's a healthy 6-month-old. [More]

3. Double Arm Transplant

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A surgical team at Johns Hopkins performs the hospital’s first double arm transplant.

Iraq war vet Brendan Marrocco lost his arms and legs when his unit was attacked near Baghdad. Now, after a double arm transplant, he can throw a ball again.

Marrocco became the seventh double-arm or double-hand transplant in the U.S. after a 13-hour surgery in December.

“He has a very optimistic outlook on life, which is what makes him such a good candidate,” said Dr. W.P. Andrew Lee, the plastic surgery chief at Johns Hopkins who led the team that performed Marrocco’s transplant and the the country’s first double-hand transplant four years ago. “He’s excited about having the new arms and determined to make them as good as possible.” [More]

4. Canine Line of Defense

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Sure, technology could probably eventually be developed to diagnose cancer via a patient's breath, but it turns out that dogs can do it naturally.

German scientists tested two German shepherds, a Labrador retriever, and an Australian shepherd. Each dog sniffed the breath of 220 patients, correctly identifying lung cancer at a rate of 71 percent. They also ruled out cancer in 372 out of 400 samples.

Other research has shown that dogs have had some success at identifying bladder cancer, colon cancer, breast cancer and have detected low blood sugar in diabetics. [More]

5. Headaches Zapped

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Patients who suffer from the worst type of headache - cluster headaches, also known as suicide headaches - may be able to control the pain with a remote control. Doctors at the Cleveland Clinic surgically implanted an almond-sized device behind the upper jaw of 32 patients in a study in Europe, and 67 percent reported pain relief when they activated it through a remote control pressed to their cheek.

“A low frequency of stimulation induced cluster headaches, and high stimulation reduced it,” said Dr.  Frank Papay, chair of the Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery at Cleveland Clinic. The team is currently designing an FDA study to test the device on both cluster headaches and migraines. [More here and here]

6. DIY Body Parts...

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Close-up of stem cells.

Surgeons have fashioned tracheas from plastic to replace organs damaged by cancer. The patients’ own stem cells are used to build the trachea, lessening the chance of their bodies rejecting the new organs. Building new organs from scratch eliminates the need for donors and transplants, and reduces the number of patients who die waiting for one. [More here and here]

7. Tissue Regeneration

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When car accidents left five Mexican boys unable to urinate normally, doctors at the Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine went to work to grow new urethras. They took tiny tissue samples from each boy, and multiplied cells from the tissue until they numbered 100 million. They also fashioned tubes out of biodegradable material. When they introduced the cells to the tubes, the cells grew around the cylinders and the scientists sewed them into each boy’s body. Then, everyone waited. Six years later, the boys were peeing normally, and the doctors reported their success in The Lancet. Doctors have had similar success implanting bladders engineered in the laboratory into young patients with spina bifida. [More]

[Source: Discovery News. Edited. Links added.]


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