10 People Who Were The Patient Zero Of A Deadly Epidemic
By Toni Marie Ford, Listverse, 29 June 2016.
Keep calm, carry on, and maybe wash your hands a little more often. That’s the gist of the advice given to the general public in the event of a deadly epidemic. Less panic, less pandemic. But behind the scenes, epidemiologists are in a frantic race against time to track the spread of the disease back to its origins and, hopefully, find some answers on how to stop it.
Like an earthquake, every deadly epidemic has an epicenter, a central point from which the disaster is set in motion. In the case of an epidemic, the central point is a person and that person is known as patient zero. Here are 10 of the most famous patient zeros in history.
10. Typhoid Mary
We begin with the most famous patient zero of them all, “Typhoid Mary,” whose real name was Mary Mallon. Mary was just 15 when she emigrated from Ireland to the US in 1884 and found work as a maid.
By 1906, Mary had risen to the position of cook for the wealthy Warren family who spent their summers at Oyster Bay, Long Island. None of Mary’s employers had had any problems with her culinary offerings, but it was a bit of a coincidence that the people Mary cooked for had a habit of becoming seriously ill.
Of the eight families Mary had worked for before the Warrens, seven of them had experienced cases of typhoid. Mary was found to be a carrier of typhoid fever, but as she was not sick herself, she refused to be quarantined. In 1907, New York was at the center of a typhoid epidemic that affected around 3,000 people and Mary was thought to be its patient zero.
After two years of forced confinement on North Brother Island, Mary was finally released and took a job (under a false name) as a cook in a maternity hospital. Another typhoid outbreak ensued, at which point Mary was permanently incarcerated on “Pest Island” in the East River. She died in isolation on November 11, 1938. Her obituary officially named her as the cause of 51 cases of typhoid and three deaths.
9. Frances Lewis
Cholera was a serious threat to public health in Victorian London. In 1854, over the course of just 10 days, 500 people dropped dead within a few blocks of central London. Symptoms of cholera included vomiting, diarrhea, stomach cramps, and extreme thirst, and a patient who began feeling queasy could be dead that day.
By the end of the cholera epidemic, over 10,000 people were underground and scientists were desperate to find out where this lethal epidemic originated. Ground zero, they found, was in the diaper of a tiny, five-month-old baby named Frances Lewis.
Local physician John Snow plotted on a map the exact locations where cholera victims had died. Known later as “the ghost map,” Snow’s map showed that the majority of victims lived close to a water pump on Broad Street. It seems that Frances Lewis’s mother was washing her baby’s soiled diapers in pails of water that she then emptied into the cesspool in front of her house on Broad Street.
Victorian London was not known for its cleanliness, and the cesspool leaked directly into the local water source, poisoning thousands of the area’s residents. Soon after the pump was condemned, the cholera epidemic came to an end.
8. Mabalo Lokela
The Ebola outbreak that devastated West Africa in 2014 sent waves of panic around the world. And no wonder. Ebola is considered one of the most alarming diseases of the 21st century. Ebola kills by causing its victims to suffer massive internal bleeds. It is a disease for which, even now, we have no cure, no vaccine, and no real idea why it keeps coming back.
The world’s first recorded victim of Ebola was a teacher named Mabalo Lokela. Mabalo lived in the town of Yambuku in the Democratic Republic of Congo and returned from a trip north in August 1976 with a high fever. Initially, medics diagnosed Mabalo with malaria. But after two weeks of dreadful symptoms - uncontrollable vomiting, trouble breathing, and bleeding eyes, nose, and mouth - he died.
Unfortunately, the Ebola virus did not die with him and many of the people who came into contact with Mabalo during his sickness contracted the disease. Around 90 percent of the people in Mabalo’s village died, and the world reeled as brave epidemiologists tried to work out how to stop this killer virus from spreading.
7. Dr. Liu Jianlin
Over the course of nine months, SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) crept steadily around the globe, taking a total of 774 lives across 37 countries and leaving many gravely ill. First diagnosed in the Guangdong province of China in November 2002, SARS was initially described as “atypical pneumonia.” Flu-like at first, the vicious virus quickly developed into full-on pneumonia and eventually respiratory failure.
As is often the case, we had no idea what we were dealing with until it was too late. By the time the world started to take notice of this contagious disease, a certain Dr. Liu Jianlin, a medical doctor from Guangdong province, had checked into Hong Kong’s Metropole Hotel.
Described later as hyperinfectious, Dr. Liu is believed to have infected around 12 people at the Metropole before dying of respiratory failure. One of those 12 people was a lady named Sui-Chu Kwan, a resident of Scarborough, Ontario, who - feeling right as rain - boarded a plane for Canada two days after bumping into Dr. Liu.
6. Edgar Enrique Hernandez
“Kid Zero” may sound like the name of a superhero sidekick, but it was actually the nickname of the first human infected with swine flu. Four-year-old Edgar Enrique Hernandez from Mexico tested positive for H1N1 swine flu in March 2009. Soon, photos of his smiling face were on the front page of every newspaper.
In Edgar’s hometown, the rural town of La Gloria, several hundred people fell ill in a matter of weeks and two children died. According to the World Health Organization, H1N1 has caused or contributed to the deaths of over 18,000 people as of January 2016.
Many residents of La Gloria blame nearby industrial hog farms for the outbreak, but the jury is still out on whether H1N1 originated in the pigpens. Also unconfirmed is whether little Edgar was actually the first human to contract H1N1 swine flu. Regardless, the local authorities of La Gloria recently erected a bronze statue of Edgar in an interesting attempt to bring tourists to the town famous for swine flu.
5. Emile Ouamouno
The most devastating outbreak of Ebola the world has ever seen happened in 2014 and claimed the lives of over 5,000 people in one year. As of January 2016, more than 11,000 people have died from the disease, five times more than all other Ebola outbreaks combined.
The first person to succumb to this deadly virus is thought to have been Emile Ouamouno, a two-year-old boy living in a remote village deep in the Guinean forest region. Emile’s death was quickly followed by that of his three-year-old sister, Philomene, their pregnant mother, their grandmother, and a number of other people from his village. But it would be months before Ebola got the worldwide attention it badly needed.
The Ebola virus spread with incredible ease across Guinea’s border into Sierra Leone and Liberia. According to the New England Journal of Medicine, the epidemiologists who traced the 2014 Ebola virus to the doorstep of Emile’s family were unable to work out how the toddler became infected. The most prevalent theory is that the disease was transmitted to humans from local fruit bats.
4. Gaetan Dugas
The most infamous patient zero on our list is a man named Gaetan Dugas. He was an Air Canada flight attendant and was identified by scientists in the late 1970s as the first person to bring the HIV/AIDS epidemic to the US.
Dugas was publicly named by journalist Randy Shilts in his 1987 book And The Band Played On. Upon the book’s release, the New York Post covered the story with the headline, “The Man Who Gave Us AIDS,” forever linking the name Gaetan Dugas with the devastation of the HIV/AIDs epidemic.
However, scientists have now learned that it is highly unlikely that patient zero in the HIV/AIDS epidemic was Gaetan Dugas. A recent genetic study using blood samples taken in the late 1970s has concluded that the virus probably came to New York City in 1970 and was linked to existing viruses then present in Haiti and other Caribbean countries.
3. Patient Zero MERS
The MERS (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome) epidemic in South Korea was officially declared over in July 2015. Also known as “camel flu,” this deadly respiratory disease was first detected in Saudi Arabia and is thought to be derived from bats. No one knows the identity of the first victim of MERS in Saudi Arabia. But when the virus hit South Korea, causing a serious epidemic that killed 36 people, it was easy to trace the source to one man.
Patient zero in the South Korean MERS outbreak first sought medical attention for a nasty cough and high fever on May 11, 2015. At a clinic in his hometown of Asan, south of Seoul, doctors examined the patient over the course of four days but were at a loss as to the cause of his ill health.
On May 20, the patient sought help at the Samsung Medical Center in Seoul and revealed that he had recently returned from Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates. Finally, he was correctly diagnosed with the highly contagious virus. By then, patient zero had infected the two men who shared his hospital room, his doctor, a number of people sharing his hospital ward, and their visiting relatives.
There were 186 confirmed cases of MERS in South Korea. Thousands of people were quarantined in an attempt to stop the spread of the virus, a precaution that brought chaos to the city of Seoul.
2. Private Albert Gitchell
When pondering deadly pandemics, a number of nasty viruses spring to mind - the bubonic plague, cholera, Ebola, and typhoid. But what about the benign-sounding Spanish flu? The Spanish flu is one of the most devastating pandemics the world has ever seen and is thought to have killed between 20 and 40 million people.
Yes, you read that right. Million. In the year 1918, with much of the world overwhelmed by World War I, the Spanish flu spread silently from person to person, eventually infecting up to one-third of the world’s population.
It all began on Monday, March 11, 1918, with a cough. A very bad cough coming from Private Albert Gitchell, a cook at the US Army Base in Fort Riley, Kansas. Military medics knew how quickly a virus could spread in camp conditions and had Gitchell immediately quarantined. But it was too little too late.
Gitchell had cooked dinner for hundreds of soldiers stationed at the camp the night before, and by midday, over 100 soldiers were sick. Almost half of the soldiers died from their symptoms, and the flu spread like wildfire throughout the US and Europe, across enemy lines, and into the rest of the world.
1. Goodwoman Phillips
Goodwoman Phillips was not the first person to die of the bubonic plague, and she certainly wasn’t the last. In fact, the plague struck as recently as September 1994 when 55 people perished in the city of Surat, India.
Goodwoman Phillips earned her inclusion on our list of patient zeros as she was the first person to officially die of “plague” during the Great Plague of London in 1665-66. Thanks to the work of John Graunt, a London draper with an eye for statistics, deaths from the bubonic plague were meticulously recorded. All told, more than 68,000 deaths from plague were recorded in a city of around 450,000 people, which is over 15 percent of the population.
According to the people of London, the plague that befell the city was the result of two specific occurrences: the appearance of a comet in the skies over London and the coronation of King Charles II. The comet was seen as a bad omen that would bring about the end of days while plague was rumored to follow a coronation as a sign that the new king did not have God’s favor.
We know now that the Great Plague of London was actually the result of squalid living conditions that put people in close proximity with plague-infected rats that were covered in plague-infected fleas.
Top image: Aerial photograph of the village of Yambuku in Zaire (now the Democratic Republic of Congo), where in 1976, the first signs of the Ebola virus appeared in a patient, Mabalo Lokela. Credit: Dr. Joel G. Breman via Live Science.
[Source: Listverse. Edited. Top image added.]
